plssem: Complex Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling

Estimate complex Structural Equation Models (SEMs) by fitting Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and Partial Least Squares consistent Structural Equation Modeling (PLSc-SEM) specifications that handle categorical data, non-linear relations, and multilevel structures. The implementation follows Lohmöller (1989) for the classic PLS-SEM algorithm, Dijkstra and Henseler (2015) for consistent PLSc-SEM, Dijkstra et al., (2014) for nonlinear PLSc-SEM, and Schuberth, Henseler, Dijkstra (2018) for ordinal PLS-SEM and PLSc-SEM. Additional extensions are under development. The MC-OrdPLSc algorithm, used to handle ordinal interaction models is detailed in Slupphaug et al., (2026). References: Lohmöller, J.-B. (1989, ISBN:9783790803002). "Latent Variable Path Modeling with Partial Least Squares." Dijkstra, T. K., & Henseler, J. (2015). <doi:10.1016/j.jmva.2015.06.002>. "Consistent partial least squares path modeling." Dijkstra, T. K., & Schermelleh-Engel, K. (2014). <doi:10.1016/j.csda.2014.07.008>. "Consistent partial least squares for nonlinear structural equation models." Schuberth, F., Henseler, J., & Dijkstra, T. K. (2018). <doi:10.1007/s11135-018-0767-9>. "Partial least squares path modeling using ordinal categorical indicators." Slupphaug, K. Mehmetoglu, M. & Mittner, M. (2026). <doi:10.31234/osf.io/fwzj6_v1>. "Consistent Estimates from Biased Estimators: Monte-Carlo Consistent Partial Least Squares for Latent Interaction Models with Ordinal Indicators."

Version:	0.1.1
Depends:	R (≥ 4.1.0)
Imports:	stats, modsem (≥ 1.0.17), lme4, lavaan, stringr, purrr, matrixStats, Rfast, collapse, mvnfast, reformulas, parallel, FNN
Suggests:	knitr, rmarkdown, mice, mvtnorm
Published:	2026-04-25
DOI:	10.32614/CRAN.package.plssem
Author:	Kjell Solem Slupphaug [aut, cre]
Maintainer:	Kjell Solem Slupphaug <slupphaugkjell at gmail.com>
License:	GPL-3
URL:	https://github.com/kss2k/plssem, https://kss2k.github.io/plssem/
NeedsCompilation:	no
Citation:	plssem citation info
Materials:	README
CRAN checks:	plssem results

Documentation:

Reference manual:	plssem.html , plssem.pdf
Vignettes:	Categorical Models with plssem (source, R code) Higher Order Models (source, R code) Interaction Models with plssem (source, R code) Linear Models with plssem (source, R code) Handling Missing Values with plssem (source, R code) Multilevel Models with plssem (source, R code) Ordinal Regression with plssem (source, R code) Parallel Bootstrapping with plssem (source, R code)

Downloads:

Package source:	plssem_0.1.1.tar.gz
Windows binaries:	r-devel: plssem_0.1.1.zip, r-release: plssem_0.1.1.zip, r-oldrel: plssem_0.1.0.zip
macOS binaries:	r-release (arm64): plssem_0.1.1.tgz, r-oldrel (arm64): plssem_0.1.1.tgz, r-release (x86_64): plssem_0.1.0.tgz, r-oldrel (x86_64): plssem_0.1.0.tgz
Old sources:	plssem archive

Linking:

Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=plssem to link to this page.