[section:fp_facets Facets for Floating-Point Infinities and NaNs]

[import ../../example/nonfinite_facet_sstream.cpp]

[h4 Synopsis]

  namespace boost{ namespace math
  {
    // Values for flags.
    const int legacy;
    const int signed_zero;
    const int trap_infinity;
    const int trap_nan;

    template<
        class CharType,
        class OutputIterator = std::ostreambuf_iterator<CharType>
    >
    class nonfinite_num_put : public std::num_put<CharType, OutputIterator>
    {
    public:
        explicit nonfinite_num_put(int flags = 0);
    };

    template<
        class CharType,
        class InputIterator = std::istreambuf_iterator<CharType>
    >
    class nonfinite_num_get : public std::num_get<CharType, InputIterator>
    {
    public:
        explicit nonfinite_num_get(int flags = 0);  // legacy, sign_zero ...
    };
  }} // namespace boost namespace math

To use these facets

  #include <boost\math\special_functions\nonfinite_num_facets.hpp>


[section:facets_intro Introduction]

[h5 The Problem]

The C++98 standard does not specify how ['infinity] and ['NaN] are represented in text streams.
As a result, different platforms use different string representations.
This can cause undefined behavior when text files are moved between different platforms.
Some platforms cannot even input parse their own output!
So 'route-tripping' or loopback of output to input is not possible.
For instance, the following test fails with MSVC:

  stringstream ss;
  double inf = numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
  double r;
  ss << inf; // Write out.
  ss >> r; // Read back in.

  cout << "infinity output was " << inf << endl; // 1.#INF
  cout << "infinity input was " << r << endl; // 1

  assert(inf == y); // Fails!

[h5 The Solution]

The facets `nonfinite_num_put` and `nonfinite_num_get`
format and parse all floating-point numbers,
including `infinity` and `NaN`, in a consistent and portable manner.

The following test succeeds with MSVC.

[nonfinite_facets_sstream_1]

[tip To add two facets, `nonfinite_num_put` and `nonfinite_num_get`,
you may have to add one at a time, using a temporary locale.

Or you can create a new locale in one step

`std::locale new_locale(std::locale(std::locale(std::locale(), new boost::math::nonfinite_num_put<char>), new boost::math::nonfinite_num_get<char>));`

and, for example, use it to imbue an input and output stringstream.
]

[tip To just change an input or output stream, you can concisely write
`cout.imbue (std::locale(std::locale(), new boost::math::nonfinite_num_put<char>));`
or
`cin.imbue (std::locale(std::locale(), new boost::math::nonfinite_num_get<char>));`
]

[nonfinite_facets_sstream_2]

[h4 C++0X standard for output of infinity and NaN]

[@http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2011/n3242.pdf C++0X (final) draft standard]
does not explicitly specify the representation (and input) of nonfinite values,
leaving it implementation-defined.
So without some specific action, input and output of nonfinite values is not portable.

[h4 C99 standard for output of infinity and NaN]

The [@http://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n1256.pdf C99 standard]
[*does] specify how infinity and NaN
are formatted by printf and similar output functions,
and parsed by scanf and similar input functions.

The following string representations are used:

[table C99 Representation of Infinity and NaN
[[number] [string]]
[[Positive infinity]["inf" or "infinity"]]
[[Positive NaN]["nan" or "nan(...)"]]
[[Negative infinity]["-inf" or "-infinity"]]
[[Negative NaN]["-nan" or "-nan(...)"]]
]

So following C99 provides a sensible 'standard' way
of handling input and output of nonfinites in C++,
and this implementation follows most of these formats.

[h5  Signaling NaNs]
A particular type of NaN is the signaling NaN.
The usual mechanism of signaling is by raising a floating-point exception.
Signaling NaNs are defined by
[@http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_floating-point_standard IEEE 754-2008].

Floating-point values with layout ['s]111 1111 1['a]xx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx
where ['s] is the sign, ['x] is the payload, and bit ['a] determines the type of NaN.

If bit ['a] = 1, it is a quiet NaN.

If bit ['a] is zero and the payload ['x] is nonzero, then it is a signaling NaN.

Although there has been theoretical interest in the ability of a signaling NaN
to raise an exception, for example to prevent use of an uninitialised variable,
in practice there appears to be no useful application of signaling NaNs for
most current processors.
[@http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2011/n3242.pdf C++0X 18.3.2.2]
still specifies a (implementation-defined) representation for signaling NaN,
and `static constexpr bool has_signaling_NaN`
a method of checking if a floating-point type has a representation for signaling NaN.

But in practice, most platforms treat signaling NaNs in the same as quiet NaNs.
So, for example, they are represented by "nan" on output in
[@http://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n1256.pdf C99] format,
and output as `1.#QNAN` by Microsoft compilers.

[note The C99 standard does not distinguish
between the quiet NaN and signaling NaN values.
A quiet NaN propagates through almost every arithmetic operation
without raising a floating-point exception;
a signaling NaN generally raises a floating-point exception
when occurring as an arithmetic operand.

C99 specification does not define the behavior of signaling NaNs.
NaNs created by IEC 60559 operations are always quiet.
Therefore this implementation follows C99, and treats the signaling NaN bit
as just a part of the NaN payload field.
So this implementation does not distinguish between the two classes of NaN.]

[note An implementation may give zero and non-numeric values (such as infinities and NaNs)
a sign or may leave them unsigned. Wherever such values are unsigned,
any requirement in the C99 Standard to retrieve the sign shall produce an unspecified sign,
and any requirement to set the sign shall be ignored.

This might apply to user-defined types, but in practice built-in floating-point
types `float`, `double` and `long double` have well-behaved signs.]

The numbers can be of type `float`, `double` and `long double`.
An optional + sign can be used with positive numbers (controlled by ios manipulator `showpos`).
The function `printf` and similar C++ functions use standard formatting flags
to put all lower or all upper case
(controlled by `std::ios` manipulator `uppercase` and `lowercase`).

The function `scanf` and similar input functions are case-insensitive.

The dots in `nan(...)` stand for an arbitrary string.
The meaning of that string is implementation dependent.
It can be used to convey extra information about the NaN, from the 'payload'.
A particular value of the payload might be used to indicate a ['missing value], for example.

This library uses the string representations specified by the C99 standard.

An example of an implementation that optionally includes the NaN payload information is at
[@http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/zos/v1r10/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.zos.r10.bpxbd00/fprints.htm AIX NaN fprintf].
That implementation specifies for Binary Floating Point NANs:

* A NaN ordinal sequence is a left-parenthesis character '(',
followed by a digit sequence representing
an integer n, where 1 <= n <= INT_MAX-1,
followed by a right-parenthesis character ')'.

* The integer value, n, is determined by the fraction bits of the NaN argument value as follows:

* For a signalling NaN value, NaN fraction bits are reversed (left to right)
to produce bits (right to left) of an even integer value, 2*n.
Then formatted output functions produce a (signalling) NaN ordinal sequence
corresponding to the integer value n.

* For a quiet NaN value, NaN fraction bits are reversed (left to right)
to produce bits (right to left) of an odd integer value, 2*n-1.
Then formatted output functions produce a (quiet) NaN ordinal sequence
corresponding to the integer value n.

[warning This implementation does not (yet) provide output of, or access to, the NaN payload.]

[endsect] [/section:intro Introduction]

[section:reference Reference]

[h5 The Facet `nonfinite_num_put`]

 template<
   class CharType, class OutputIterator = std::ostreambuf_iterator<CharType>
         >
 class nonfinite_num_put;

The `class nonfinite_num_put<CharType, OutputIterator>`
is derived from `std::num_put<CharType, OutputIterator>`.
Thus it is a facet that formats numbers.
The first template argument is the character type of the formatted strings,
usually `char` or `wchar_t`.
The second template argument is the type of iterator used to write the strings.
It is required to be an output iterator.
Usually the default `std::ostreambuf_iterator` is used.
The public interface of the class consists of a single constructor only:

 nonfinite_num_put(int flags = 0);

The flags argument (effectively optional because a default of ` no_flags` is provided)
is discussed below.
The class template `nonfinite_num_put` is defined in the
header `boost/math/nonfinite_num_facets.hpp`
and lives in the namespace `boost::math`.

Unlike the C++ Standard facet `std::num_put`, the facet `nonfinite_num_put`
formats `infinity` and `NaN` in a consistent and portable manner.
It uses the following string representations:

[table
[[Number][String]]
[[Positive infinity][inf]]
[[Positive NaN][nan]]
[[Negative infinity][-inf]]
[[Negative NaN][-nan]]
]

The numbers can be of type `float`, `double` and `long double`.
The strings can be in all lower case or all upper case.
An optional + sign can be used with positive numbers.
This can be controlled with the `uppercase`, `lowercase`, `showpos` and `noshowpos` manipulators.
Formatting of integers, boolean values and finite floating-point numbers is simply delegated to the normal `std::num_put`.


[h5 Facet `nonfinite_num_get`]

  template<class CharType, class InputIterator = std::istreambuf_iterator<CharType> > class nonfinite_num_get;

The class `nonfinite_num_get<CharType, InputIterator>` is derived from `std::num_get<CharType, IntputIterator>`.
Thus it is a facet that parses strings that represent numbers.
The first template argument is the character type of the strings,
usually `char` or `wchar_t`.
The second template argument is the type of iterator used to read the strings.
It is required to be an input iterator. Usually the default is used.
The public interface of the class consists of a single constructor only:

 nonfinite_num_get(int flags = 0);

The flags argument is discussed below.
The `class template nonfinite_num_get`  is defined
in the header `boost/math/nonfinite_num_facets.hpp`
and lives in the `namespace boost::math`.

Unlike the facet `std::num_get`, the facet `nonfinite_num_get` parses strings
that represent `infinity` and `NaN` in a consistent and portable manner.
It recognizes precisely the string representations specified by the C99 standard:

[table
[[Number][String]]
[[Positive infinity][inf, infinity]]
[[Positive NaN][nan, nan(...)]]
[[Negative infinity][-inf, -infinity]]
[[Negative NaN][-nan, -nan(...)]]
]

The numbers can be of type `float`, `double` and `long double`.
The facet is case-insensitive. An optional + sign can be used with positive numbers.
The dots in nan(...) stand for an arbitrary string usually containing the ['NaN payload].
Parsing of strings that represent integers, boolean values
and finite floating-point numbers is delegated to `std::num_get`.

When the facet parses a string that represents `infinity` on a platform that lacks infinity,
then the fail bit of the stream is set.

When the facet parses a string that represents `NaN` on a platform that lacks NaN,
then the fail bit of the stream is set.

[h4 Flags]

The constructors for `nonfinite_num_put` and `nonfinite_num_get`
take an optional bit flags argument.
There are four different bit flags:

* legacy
* signed_zero
* trap_infinity
* trap_nan

The flags can be combined with the OR `operator|`.

The flags are defined in the header `boost/math/nonfinite_num_facets.hpp`
and live in the `namespace boost::math`.

[h5 legacy]

The legacy flag has no effect with the output facet `nonfinite_num_put`.

If the legacy flag is used with the `nonfinite_num_get` input facet,
then the facet will recognize all the following string representations of `infinity` and `NaN`:

[table
[[Number][String]]
[[Positive infinity][inf, infinity, one#inf]]
[[Positive NaN][nan, nan(...), nanq, nans, qnan, snan, one#ind, one#qnan, one#snan]]
[[Negative infinity][-inf, -infinity, -one#inf]]
[[Negative NaN][-nan, -nan(...), -nanq, -nans, -qnan, -snan, -one#ind, - one#qnan, -one#snan]]
]

* The numbers can be of type `float`, `double` and `long double`.
* The facet is case-insensitive.
* An optional `+` sign can be used with the positive values.
* The dots in `nan(...)` stand for an arbitrary string.
* `one` stands for any string that `std::num_get` parses as the number `1`,
typically "1.#INF", "1.QNAN" but also "000001.#INF"...

The list includes a number of non-standard string representations of infinity and NaN
that are used by various existing implementations of the C++ standard library,
and also string representations used by other programming languages.

[h5 signed_zero]

If the `signed_zero` flag is used with `nonfinite_num_put`,
then the facet will always distinguish between positive and negative zero.
It will format positive zero as "0" or "+0" and negative zero as "-0".
The string representation of positive zero can be controlled
with the `showpos` and `noshowpos` manipulators.

The `signed_zero flag` has no effect with the input facet `nonfinite_num_get`.
The input facet `nonfinite_num_get` always parses "0" and "+0"
as positive zero and "-0" as negative zero,
as do most implementations of `std::num_get`.

[note If the `signed_zero` flag is not set (the default), then a negative zero value
will be displayed on output in whatever way the platform normally handles it.
For most platforms, this it will format positive zero as "0" or "+0" and negative zero as "-0".
But setting the `signed_zero` flag may be more portable.]

[tip A negative zero value can be portably produced using the changesign function
`(changesign)(static_cast<ValType>(0))` where `ValType` is `float`, `double` or `long double`,
 or a User-Defined floating-point type (UDT) provided that this UDT has a sign
and that the changesign function is implemented.]

[h5 trap_infinity]

If the `trap_infinity` flag is used with `nonfinite_num_put`,
then the facet will throw an exception of type `std::ios_base::failure`
when an attempt is made to format positive or negative infinity.
If the facet is called from a stream insertion operator,
then the stream will catch that exception and set either its `fail bit` or its `bad bit`.
Which bit is set is platform dependent.

If the `trap_infinity` flag is used with `nonfinite_num_get`,
then the facet will set the `fail bit` of the stream when an attempt is made
to parse a string that represents positive or negative infinity.


(See Design Rationale below for a discussion of this inconsistency.)

[h5 trap_nan]

Same as `trap_infinity`, but positive and negative NaN are trapped instead.

[endsect] [/section:reference Reference]


[section:examples Examples]

[h5 Simple example with std::stringstreams]

[nonfinite_facets_sstream_1]
[nonfinite_facets_sstream_2]

[h5 Use with lexical_cast]

[note From Boost 1.48, lexical_cast no longer uses stringstreams internally,
and is now able to handle infinities and NaNs natively on most platforms.]

Without using a new locale that contains the nonfinite facets,
previous versions of `lexical_cast` using stringstream were not portable
(and often failed) if nonfinite values are found.

[nonfinite_facets_sstream_1]

Although other examples imbue individual streams with the new locale,
for the streams constructed inside lexical_cast,
it was necesary to assign to a global locale.

  locale::global(new_locale);

`lexical_cast` then works as expected, even with infinity and NaNs.

  double x = boost::lexical_cast<double>("inf");
  assert(x == std::numeric:limits<double>::infinity());

  string s = boost::lexical_cast<string>(numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
  assert(s == "inf");

[warning If you use stringstream inside your functions,
you may still need to use a global locale to handle nonfinites correctly.
Or you need to imbue your stringstream with suitable get and put facets.]

[warning You should be aware that the C++ specification does not explicitly require
that input from decimal digits strings converts with rounding to the
nearest representable floating-point binary value.
(In contrast, decimal digits read by the compiler,
for example by an assignment like `double d = 1.234567890123456789`,
are guaranteed to assign the nearest representable value to double d).
This implies that, no matter how many decimal digits you provide,
there is a potential uncertainty of 1 least significant bit in the resulting binary value.]

See [@http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_point#Representable_numbers.2C_conversion_and_rounding conversion and rounding]
for more information on ['nearest representable] and ['rounding] and
[@http://www.exploringbinary.com/ Exploring  Binary] for much detail on input and round-tripping difficulties.

Most iostream libraries do in fact achieve the desirable
['nearest representable floating-point binary value] for all values of input.
However one popular STL library does not quite achieve this for 64-bit doubles.  See
[@http://connect.microsoft.com/VisualStudio/feedback/details/98770/decimal-digit-string-input-to-double-may-be-1-bit-wrong
Decimal digit string input to double may be 1 bit wrong] for the bizarre full details.

If you are expecting to 'round-trip' `lexical_cast` or `serialization`,
for example archiving and loading,
and want to be [*absolutely certain that you will
always get an exactly identical double value binary pattern],
you should use the suggested 'workaround' below that is believed to work on all platforms.

You should output using all potentially significant decimal digits,
by setting stream precision to `std::numeric_limits<double>::max_digits10`,
(or for the appropriate floating-point type, if not double)
and crucially, [*require `scientific` format], not `fixed` or automatic (default), for example:

  double output_value = any value;
  std::stringstream s;
  s << setprecison(std::numeric_limits<double>::max_digits10) << scientific << output_value;
  s >> input_value;


[h4 Use with serialization archives]

It is vital that the same locale is used
when an archive is saved and when it is loaded.
Otherwise, loading the archive may fail.
By default, archives are saved and loaded with a classic C locale
with a `boost::archive::codecvt_null` facet added.
Normally you do not have to worry about that.

The constructors for the archive classes, as a side-effect,
imbue the stream with such a locale.
However, if you want to use the
facets `nonfinite_num_put` and `nonfinite_num_get` with archives,
then you have to manage the locale manually.
That is done by calling the archive constructor with the flag
`boost::archive::no_codecvt`, thereby ensuring that the archive constructor
will [*not imbue the stream with a new locale].

The following code shows how to use `nonfinite_num_put` with a `text_oarchive`.

  locale default_locale(locale::classic(), new boost::archive::codecvt_null<char>);
  locale my_locale(default_locale, new nonfinite_num_put<char>);

  ofstream ofs("test.txt");
  ofs.imbue(my_locale);

  boost::archive::text_oarchive oa(ofs, no_codecvt);

  double x = numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
  oa & x;

The same method works with `nonfinite_num_get` and `text_iarchive`.

If you use the `nonfinite_num_put` with `trap_infinity`
and/or `trap_nan` flag with a serialization archive,
then you must set the exception mask of the stream.
Serialization archives do not check the stream state.


[h5 Other examples]

[@../../example/nonfinite_facet_simple.cpp nonfinite_facet_simple.cpp]
give some more simple demonstrations of the difference between using classic C locale
and constructing a C99 infinty and NaN compliant locale for input and output.

See [@../../example/nonfinite_facet_sstream.cpp  nonfinite_facet_sstream.cpp]
for this example of use with `std::stringstream`s.

For an example of how to enforce the MSVC 'legacy'
"1.#INF"  and "1.#QNAN" representations of infinity and NaNs,
for input and output,
see [@../../example/nonfinite_legacy.cpp nonfinite_legacy.cpp].

Treatment of signaling NaN is demonstrated at
[@../../example/nonfinite_signaling_NaN.cpp]

Example [@../../example/nonfinite_loopback_ok.cpp] shows loopback works OK.

Example [@../../example/nonfinite_num_facet.cpp] shows output and re-input
of various finite and nonfinite values.

A simple example of trapping nonfinite output is at
[@../../example/nonfinite_num_facet_trap.cpp nonfinite_num_facet_trap.cpp].

A very basic example of using Boost.Archive is at
[@../../example/nonfinite_serialization_archives.cpp].

A full demonstration of serialization by Francois Mauger is at
[@../../example/nonfinite_num_facet_serialization.cpp]

[endsect] [/section:examples Examples]

[section:portability Portability]

This library uses the floating-point number classification and sign-bit from Boost.Math library,
and should work on all platforms where that library works.
See the portability information for that library.

[endsect] [/section:portability Portability]

[section:rationale Design Rationale]

* The flags are implemented as a const data member of the facet.
Facets are reference counted, and locales can share facets.
Therefore changing the flags of a facet would have effects that are hard to predict.
An alternative design would be to implement the flags
using `std::ios_base::xalloc` and `std::ios_base::iword`.
Then one could safely modify the flags, and one could define manipulators that do so.
However, for that to work with dynamically linked libraries,
a `.cpp` file would have to be added to the library.
It was judged be more desirable to have a header-only library,
than to have mutable flags and manipulators.

* The facet `nonfinite_num_put` throws an exception when
the `trap_infinity` or `trap_nan` flag is set
and an attempt is made to format infinity or NaN.
It would be better if the facet set the `fail bit` of the stream.
However, facets derived from `std::num_put` do not have access to the stream state.

[endsect] [/section:rationale Design Rationale]

[endsect] [/section:fp_facets Facets for Floating-Point Infinities and NaNs]

[/
  Copyright Johan Rade and Paul A. Bristow 2011.
  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
  (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
  http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt).
]




