---
title: "tinyverse"
output:
    rmarkdown::html_document:
        theme: "spacelab"
        highlight: "kate"
        toc: true
        toc_float: true
        self_contained: false
vignette: >
    %\VignetteIndexEntry{tinyverse}
    %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
    %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}
editor_options:
    markdown: 
      wrap: 72
---

```{r, include = FALSE}
knitr::opts_chunk$set(
  collapse = TRUE,
  comment = "#>"
)
```

## Introduction

The R community  [`tinyverse`](https://tinyverse.netlify.app/) movement is a tryout of creating new package development standards. The clue is the TINY part here.
The last years of R package development were full of many dependencies temptations.
`tinyverse` means as few dependencies as R package dependencies matter. 
Every dependency you add to your project is an invitation to break your project.

More information is available on [`tinyverse` website](https://www.tinyverse.org/).

## `tinyverse` badges

The `tidyverse` team wants to help and motivate R developers. Thus they created a rest-API which generates a dependencies badge for each CRAN package. 
The badge contains 2 numbers; the first number is a direct dependency and the second one recursive ones.
 The R base packages are not counted. The `tinyverse` badge could have one of 4 colors: bright green, green, orange, or red. To get a green badge package have to have less than 5 packages (<5) in the `Depends`/`Imports`/`LinkingTo` fields (check the Dependencies subsection for more description). 
To have a bright green a, zero dependencies are needed. The orange badge is from 5 to 9 dependencies (>=5 and <=9). And the last one red when there are more than 9 dependencies (>= 10). Of course, the base packages are not counted as a dependency, `pacs::pacs_base()`.

Summing up, each badge constraint:

- bright green: 0
- green: <5
- orange (>=5 and <=9)
- red (>= 10)

`https://tinyverse.netlify.app/`

`https://tinyverse.netlify.com/badge/<package>`

Examples:

dplyr:  
[![](https://tinyverse.netlify.com/badge/dplyr)](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dplyr)

miceFast:   
[![](https://tinyverse.netlify.com/badge/miceFast)](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=miceFast)

* badges are reevaluated daily.

## tidyverse vs tidyverse

The `tidyverse` is an opinionated collection of R packages designed for data science. 
All packages share an underlying design philosophy, grammar, and data structures. 
On the other hand, the `tinyvere` is only a R community movement that is trying to make a new programming standard.
There is no `tinyverse` package collection; any package which has less than 5 direct dependencies (in the `Depends`/`Imports`/`LinkingTo` fields) are treated as a decent one. The best is to have zero dependencies.
Even `tidyverse` looks to go toward `tinyverse` if we check their lower-level packages like `purrr`, `forcats`, `renv` or `rlang`.

The core `tidyverse` packages:

`ggplot2`: [![](https://tinyverse.netlify.com/badge/ggplot2)](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggplot2)  
`tibble`: [![](https://tinyverse.netlify.com/badge/tibble)](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=tibble)  
`tidyr`: [![](https://tinyverse.netlify.com/badge/tidyr)](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=tidyr)  
`readr`: [![](https://tinyverse.netlify.com/badge/readr)](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=readr)  
`purrr`: [![](https://tinyverse.netlify.com/badge/purrr)](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=purrr)  
`dplyr`: [![](https://tinyverse.netlify.com/badge/dplyr)](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dplyr)  
`stringr`: [![](https://tinyverse.netlify.com/badge/stringr)](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=stringr)  
`forcats`: [![](https://tinyverse.netlify.com/badge/forcats)](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=forcats)  

Examples of random `tinyverse` packages, bright green or green badges:

`Rcpp`: [![](https://tinyverse.netlify.com/badge/Rcpp)](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=Rcpp)  
`rlang`: [![](https://tinyverse.netlify.com/badge/rlang)](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rlang)  
`renv`: [![](https://tinyverse.netlify.com/badge/renv)](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=renv)  
`cat2cat`: [![](https://tinyverse.netlify.com/badge/cat2cat)](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=cat2cat)  
`runner`: [![](https://tinyverse.netlify.com/badge/runner)](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=runner)  

## R package Dependencies

TL;DR

- END USER perspective: `install.packages` requires **Depends**/**Imports**/**LinkingTo** DESCRIPTION fields dependencies, recursively. `pacs::pac_deps_user` could be used to get them.
- DEVELOPER perspective: `R CMD check` requires **Depends**/**Imports**/**LinkingTo**/**Suggests** DESCRIPTION fields dependencies, and for them **Depends**/**Imports**/**LinkingTo** fields recursively. `pacs::pac_deps_dev` could be used to get them.

Now you might think of what preciously these R package dependencies mean.
The R DESCRIPTION file is the place where we could explore the number and nature of dependencies; the 5 fields represent different types of dependencies: **Depends**/**Imports**/**LinkingTo**/**Suggests**/**Enhances**.

DESCRIPTION file dependencies:

```
Package: NAME
...
Depends: 
  R (>= 3.6)
Imports:
  dplyr
  data.table
LinkingTo:
  Rcpp
Suggests:
  testthat
  ca2cat
Enhances:
  Hmisc
...
```

We could get any installed package description file with the `packageDescription` function. 
More than that, the `pacs::pac_description` could get any, even not installed package description file and for any version you want.

`packageDescription("pacs")`

When we run `install.packages` (and other install functions like `remotes::install_github`) only 3 fields are installed **Depends**/**Imports**/**LinkingTo**.
We could easily confirm that by checking its help page and the `dependencies` argument definition:

```
?install.packages
...
Dependencies: 
 ...
 The default, 'NA', 
 means 'c("Depends", "Imports", "LinkingTo")'.
```

**Depends** are packages `library` (attached), before the main package is `library` (attached). 
So when we `library()` the main package **Depends** dependencies functions are available to the end user in the R console.
This could be more convenient for the end user if the main package offers additional functionality over the dependency one.

The **Imports** field lists packages whose namespaces are imported from (as specified in the NAMESPACE file or when sb is using `::`/`:::` inside the package) but which do not need to be attached (`library`). When we use the `library()` call, **Imports** dependencies functions are unavailable to the user in the R console.
Namespaces accessed by the `::` and `:::` operators (e.g. `ggplot2::ggplot`) must be listed in the **Imports** field, or in **Suggests** (when used only for tests or examples). 

A package that wishes to use header files in other packages to compile its C/C++ code needs to declare them as a comma-separated list in the field **LinkingTo**.
Specifying a package in **LinkingTo** suffices if these are C/C++ headers containing source code or static linking is done at installation: the packages do not need to be (and usually should not be) listed in the **Depends** or **Imports** fields.

So what about the rest? **Suggests** are installed when we need to run `R CMD CHECK` (or higher level like `devtools::check()`), they are used for tests (e.g. testthat) or for examples (`roxygen2` @examples). **Enhances** is used rarely as these are packages which could extent the usage and are NOT needed for running examples and tests. If your tests/examples use e.g. a dataset from another package, it should be in **Suggests** and not **Enhances**.

So now we see that a **Imports** dependency is not equal to a **Suggests** dependency. From the end user's perspective, we focus on **Depends**/**Imports**/**LinkingTo** dependencies which they will downlaod with `install.packages`. 

It's common for packages to be listed in Imports in DESCRIPTION, but not in NAMESPACE.
The DESCRIPTION file Imports field has nothing to do with functions imported into the namespace. 
The DESCRIPTION file Imports is mainly used by `install.packages`. 
On the other hand, NAMESPACE is a place where we defining what we need to build our package and what we want to expose to the end users (export). Nowadays the NAMESPACE file is even more mysterious as it is built automatically e.g. by `roxygen2` package.
A package has to be listed in the **Imports** in DESCRIPTION file, but not in NAMESPACE if we will call the dependencies to function with `::` in the main package. These explicit calls to dependencies are preferred.
 
If you are interested "How-R-Searches-And-Finds-Stuff" I recommend [a great blog post](https://blog.thatbuthow.com/how-r-searches-and-finds-stuff/) which has more than 10 years and still is one of the most valuable R sources.

## `tinytest` vs `testthat`

This subsection will be a subjective view on the difference between `tinytest` and `testthat` packages.
A package could have many dependencies, nevertheless not exposed to the end user (these dependencies are not installed with `install.packages` call), as is in `Suggests` field of the DESCRIPTION file.
`tinytest` was created to offer similar functionality to `testthat` package nevertheless, `tinytest` has zero dependencies.
For me, `tinytest` is an interesting alternative compared to `testthat` nevertheless not so obvious replacement.
I do not care how many dependencies have the `testthat` package as it is located in `Suggests` field of DESCRIPTION file. `testthat` will not be delayed loaded with `requireNampese` too.
This means that the higher number of dependencies from the `testthat` package is only my problem (developer one, not the end user) when e.g. I am checking a package (e.g. with `R CMD check`).
How many additional packages must be downloaded by **a developer** (e.g. for `R CMD check`) when comparing `tinytest` and `testthat`? In the case of `tinytest` it is zero packages and for `testthat` 80 packages now. Please use `pacs::pac_deps_dev("tinytest")` and `pacs::pac_deps_dev("testthat")` to confirm that.
When `tinytest` and `testthat` are in the Imports field of another package (e.g. `pacs`), then the end user needs additional 0 packages for `tinytest` and 30 packages for `testthat` (`pacs::pac_deps_user("testthat")`). Remember that these dependencies might overlap with other packages and their dependencies.

Dependencies from the end user perspective:

`tinytest`:  
[![](https://tinyverse.netlify.com/badge/tinytest)](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=tinytest)

`testthat`:  
[![](https://tinyverse.netlify.com/badge/testthat)](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=testthat)

## How to reduce the number of dependencies

- `yagni` (XP) - do not include unnecessary features
- `modularization` - divide your package into a few smaller and more specialized ones
- delayed loading of packages

### Delayed loading of packages

One of the methods of reducing the number of dependencies (exposed to end users) is to transfer the package from Imports to Suggests and load it in a delayed manner or not include it at all. 
So we have to identify package functions that will be used optionally or rarely (are not a core of the package).
Then we have to apply conditional execution if the package is installed (available), if not, then ask the user to install it.
If a function with the delayed loaded package is used in examples or tests, then the package must be in the **Suggests** field.

```r
func <- function() {
  if (requireNamespace("PACKAGE", quietly = TRUE)) {
    # regular code 
  } else {
    stop("Please install the PACKAGE to use the func function")
  }
}
```

`parsnip`:  
[![](https://tinyverse.netlify.com/badge/parsnip)](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=parsnip)

`caret`:  
[![](https://tinyverse.netlify.com/badge/testthat)](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=testthat)

`parsnip` and `caret` packages are examples that apply this strategy.
It could be quickly confirmed by looking for `requireNamespace` phrase with github search, from each repo.

[caret github](https://github.com/topepo/caret)

[parsnip github](https://github.com/tidymodels/parsnip)

## `pacs` package

One functionality of the `pacs` package is to check a package complexity. We could check the number of dependencies (recursively or not) and even check how many MB are allocated for a package and all its dependencies.

**Weight Case Study: `devtools`**

Consider that package sizes are appropriate for your local system (`Sys.info()`).
Installation with `install.packages` and some `devtools` functions might result in different packages sizes.

If you do not want to install anything in your current library (`.libPaths()`) and still inspect a package size, then using the `withr` package is recommended. `withr::with_temp_libpaths` is recommended to isolate the download process.

```r
# restart of R session could be needed
withr::with_temp_libpaths({install.packages("devtools"); cat(pacs::pac_true_size("devtools") / 10**6, "MB", "\n")})
```

Installation in your main library.

```r
# if not have
install.packages("devtools")
```

Size of the `devtools` package:

```r
cat(pacs::pac_size("devtools") / 10**6, "MB", "\n")
```

The actual size of the `devtools` package is `113MB` for `devtools` with all dependencies and without base packages (`Mac OS arm64`).

```r
cat(pacs::pac_true_size("devtools") / 10**6, "MB", "\n")
```

A reasonable assumption might be to count only dependencies not used by any other package.
Then we could use `exclude_joint` argument to limit them.
However hard to assume if your local installation is a reasonable proxy for an average user.

```r
# exclude packages if at least one other package uses it too
cat(pacs::pac_true_size("devtools", exclude_joint = 1L) / 10**6, "MB", "\n")
```

It is crucial to check the number of dependencies too:

[![](https://tinyverse.netlify.com/badge/devtools)](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=devtools)

```r
# 70 recursive dependencies
pacs::pac_deps("devtools", local = TRUE)$Package
# 20 direct dependencies
pacs::pac_deps("devtools", local = TRUE, recursive = FALSE)$Package
```

We could check out which of the direct dependencies are the heaviest ones:

```r
pac_deps_heavy("devtools")
```

## References

Please read in the order all of the 3 sources to become a R packages developer guru :=)

- https://r-pkgs.org/
- https://blog.thatbuthow.com/how-r-searches-and-finds-stuff/
- https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/R-exts.html
