% File src/library/base/man/cut.Rd
% Part of the R package, https://www.R-project.org
% Copyright 1995-2014 R Core Team
% Distributed under GPL 2 or later

\name{cut}
\title{Convert Numeric to Factor}
\usage{
cut(x, \dots)

\method{cut}{default}(x, breaks, labels = NULL,
    include.lowest = FALSE, right = TRUE, dig.lab = 3,
    ordered_result = FALSE, \dots)
}
\alias{cut}
\alias{cut.default}
\arguments{
  \item{x}{a numeric vector which is to be converted to a factor by cutting.}
  \item{breaks}{either a numeric vector of two or more unique cut points or a
    single number (greater than or equal to 2) giving the number of
    intervals into which \code{x} is to be cut.}
  \item{labels}{labels for the levels of the resulting category.  By default,
    labels are constructed using \code{"(a,b]"} interval notation.  If
    \code{labels = FALSE}, simple integer codes are returned instead of
    a factor.}
  \item{include.lowest}{logical, indicating if an \sQuote{x[i]} equal to
    the lowest (or highest, for \code{right = FALSE}) \sQuote{breaks}
    value should be included.}
  \item{right}{logical, indicating if the intervals should be closed on
    the right (and open on the left) or vice versa.}
  \item{dig.lab}{integer which is used when labels are not given.  It
    determines the number of digits used in formatting the break numbers.}
  \item{ordered_result}{logical: should the result be an ordered factor?}
  \item{\dots}{further arguments passed to or from other methods.}
}
\description{
  \code{cut} divides the range of \code{x} into intervals
  and codes the values in \code{x} according to which
  interval they fall.  The leftmost interval corresponds to level one,
  the next leftmost to level two and so on.
}
\details{
  When \code{breaks} is specified as a single number, the range of the
  data is divided into \code{breaks} pieces of equal length, and then
  the outer limits are moved away by 0.1\% of the range to ensure that
  the extreme values both fall within the break intervals.  (If \code{x}
  is a constant vector, equal-length intervals are created, one of
  which includes the single value.)

  If a \code{labels} parameter is specified, its values are used to name
  the factor levels.  If none is specified, the factor level labels are
  constructed as \code{"(b1, b2]"}, \code{"(b2, b3]"} etc. for
  \code{right = TRUE} and as \code{"[b1, b2)"}, \ldots if \code{right =
    FALSE}.
  In this case, \code{dig.lab} indicates the minimum number of digits
  should be used in formatting the numbers \code{b1}, \code{b2}, \ldots.
  A larger value (up to 12) will be used if needed to distinguish
  between any pair of endpoints: if this fails labels such as
  \code{"Range3"} will be used.  Formatting is done by
  \code{\link{formatC}}.

  The default method will sort a numeric vector of \code{breaks}, but
  other methods are not required to and \code{labels} will correspond to
  the intervals after sorting.
  
  As from \R 3.2.0, \code{getOption("OutDec")} is consulted when labels
  are constructed for \code{labels = NULL}.
}
\value{
  A \code{\link{factor}} is returned, unless \code{labels = FALSE} which
  results in an integer vector of level codes.

  Values which fall outside the range of \code{breaks} are coded as
  \code{NA}, as are \code{NaN} and \code{NA} values.
}
\note{
  Instead of \code{table(cut(x, br))}, \code{hist(x, br, plot = FALSE)} is
  more efficient and less memory hungry.  Instead of \code{cut(*,
    labels = FALSE)}, \code{\link{findInterval}()} is more efficient.
}
\references{
  \bibshow{R:Becker+Chambers+Wilks:1988}
}
\seealso{
  \code{\link{split}} for splitting a variable according to a group factor;
  \code{\link{factor}}, \code{\link{tabulate}}, \code{\link{table}},
  \code{\link{findInterval}}.

  \code{\link{quantile}} for ways of choosing breaks of roughly equal
  content (rather than length).

  \code{\link{.bincode}} for a bare-bones version.
}
\examples{
Z <- stats::rnorm(10000)
table(cut(Z, breaks = -6:6))
sum(table(cut(Z, breaks = -6:6, labels = FALSE)))
sum(graphics::hist(Z, breaks = -6:6, plot = FALSE)$counts)

cut(rep(1,5), 4) #-- dummy
tx0 <- c(9, 4, 6, 5, 3, 10, 5, 3, 5)
x <- rep(0:8, tx0)
stopifnot(table(x) == tx0)

table( cut(x, breaks = 8))
table( cut(x, breaks = 3*(-2:5)))
table( cut(x, breaks = 3*(-2:5), right = FALSE))

##--- some values OUTSIDE the breaks :
table(cx  <- cut(x, breaks = 2*(0:4)))
table(cxl <- cut(x, breaks = 2*(0:4), right = FALSE))
which(is.na(cx));  x[is.na(cx)]  #-- the first 9  values  0
which(is.na(cxl)); x[is.na(cxl)] #-- the last  5  values  8


## Label construction:
y <- stats::rnorm(100)
table(cut(y, breaks = pi/3*(-3:3)))
table(cut(y, breaks = pi/3*(-3:3), dig.lab = 4))

table(cut(y, breaks =  1*(-3:3), dig.lab = 4))
# extra digits don't "harm" here
table(cut(y, breaks =  1*(-3:3), right = FALSE))
#- the same, since no exact INT!

## sometimes the default dig.lab is not enough to be avoid confusion:
aaa <- c(1,2,3,4,5,2,3,4,5,6,7)
cut(aaa, 3)
cut(aaa, 3, dig.lab = 4, ordered_result = TRUE)

## one way to extract the breakpoints
labs <- levels(cut(aaa, 3))
cbind(lower = as.numeric( sub("\\\\((.+),.*", "\\\\1", labs) ),
      upper = as.numeric( sub("[^,]*,([^]]*)\\\\]", "\\\\1", labs) ))
}
\keyword{category}
