Sampling Design and Estimation Methods for Natural Resource Management R package NRMSampling version 0.2.2 Provides functions for probability and non-probability sampling design, sample selection, and population estimation tailored to natural resource management. Probability methods include simple random sampling, stratified sampling, systematic sampling, cluster sampling, and probability-proportional-to-size sampling. Non-probability methods include convenience, judgement-based, and quota sampling. Estimation functions cover means, totals, ratio estimators, regression estimators, and the unequal-probability estimator of Horvitz and Thompson (1952, <doi:10.2307/2280784>) for unequal-probability designs. Utilities support biomass, soil-loss, and carbon-stock estimation from field plots. Spatial extensions provide random, systematic, stratified, and raster-weighted sampling within geographic polygons using the 'sf' and 'terra' packages, with extraction of remote-sensing covariates at sample locations. Applications include forest inventory, soil erosion monitoring, watershed studies, and ecological field surveys. Software Depends: R (>= 4.1.0) Imports: stats, utils Suggests: sf (>= 1.0.0), terra (>= 1.7.0), ggplot2 (>= 3.4.0), dplyr (>= 1.1.0), testthat (>= 3.0.0), knitr (>= 1.40), rmarkdown (>= 2.18), covr, spelling Sadikul Islam <sadikul.islamiasri@gmail.com> Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) Sadikul Islam [aut, cre] (ORCID: <https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2924-7122>) GPL (>= 3) 2026-04-22 application/tgz https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=NRMSampling doi:10.32614/CRAN.package.NRMSampling en-US