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(1) Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

(2) Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

(3) Department of Statis-tics, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran

“maleknias@gmail.com”

date: “2020-04-04”

Abstract:

This package has developed a tool for performing a novel pathway enrichment analysis based on Bayesian network (BNrich) to investigate the topology features of the pathways. This algorithm as a biologically intuitive, method, analyzes of most structural data acquired from signaling pathways such as causal relationships between genes using the property of Bayesian networks and also infer finalized networks more conveniently by simplifying networks in the early stages and using Least Absolute Shrinkage Selector Operator (LASSO). impacted pathways are ultimately prioritized the by Fisher’s Exact Test on significant parameters. Here, we provide an instance code that applies BNrich in all of the fields described above.

Introduction

This document offers an introductory overview of how to use the package. The BNrich tool uses Bayesian Network (BN) in a new topology-based pathway analysis (TPA) method. The BN has been demonstrated as a beneficial technique for integrating and modeling biological data into causal relationships (1–4). The proposed method utilizes BN to model variations in downstream components (children) as a consequence of the change in upstream components (parents). For this purpose, The method employs 187 KEGG human non-metabolic pathways (5–7) which their cycles were eliminated manually by a biological intuitive, as BN structures and gene expression data to estimate its parameters (8,9). The cycles of inferred networks were eliminated on the basis of biologically intuitive rules instead of using computing algorithms (10). The inferred networks are simplified in two steps; unifying genes and LASSO. Similarly, the originally continuous gene expression data is used to BN parameters learning, rather than discretized data (8). The algorithm estimates regression coefficients by continuous data based on the parameter learning techniques in the BN (11,12). The final impacted pathways are gained by Fisher’s exact test. This method can represent effective genes and biological relations in impacted pathways based on a significant level.

Quick Start

Install BNrich

install.packages("BNrich_0.1.0.tar.gz", type="source", repos=NULL)
library("BNrich")

prepare essential data

At first, we can load all the 187 preprocessed KEGG pathways which their cycles were removed, the data frame includes information about the pathways and vector of pathway ID.

destfile = tempfile("files", fileext = ".rda")
files <- fetch_data_file()
load(destfile)

Note that it's better to use (for example:) destfile = "./R/BNrich-start.rda" to save essential files permanently.

The input data should be as two data frames in states disease and (healthy) control. The row names of any data frame are KEGG geneID and the number of subjects in any of them should not be less than 20, otherwise the user may encounters error in LASSO step. Initially, we can load dataset example. The example data extracted from a part of GSE47756 dataset, the gene expression data from colorectal cancer study (13).

Data <- system.file("extdata", "Test_DATA.RData", package = "BNrich", mustWork = TRUE)
load(Data)
head(dataH)

head(dataD)

Unify data, the first step of simplification

Initially, we need to unify gene products based on 187 imported signaling pathways (mapkG list) in two states disease (dataD) and control (dataH). This is the first simplification step, unifying nodes in signaling pathways with genes those exist in gene expression data.

unify_results <- unify_path(dataH, dataD, mapkG, pathway.id)

The unify_path function performs the following processes: • Split datasets into KEGG pathways • Delete all gene expression data are not in pathways • Removes all gene products in pathways are not in dataset platforms • Remove any pathways with the number of edges is less than 5 This function returns a list contain data_h,data_d,mapkG1 and pathway.id1. data_h and data_d are lists contain data frames related to control and disease objects unified for any signaling pathways. The mapkG1 is a list contains unified signaling pathways and pathway.id1 is new pathway ID vector based on remained pathways. In the example dataset, the number of edges in the one pathway becomes less than 5 and are removed:

length(mapkG)

187

mapkG1 <- unify_results$mapkG1
length(mapkG1)

186

As well, the number of edges reduces in the remaining pathways. In first pathway hsa:01521 the number of edges from 230 reduces to 204:

pathway.id[1]

"hsa:01521"

mapkG[[1]]

A graphNEL graph with directed edges 
Number of Nodes = 79 
Number of Edges = 230

pathway.id1 <- unify_results$pathway.id1
pathway.id1[1]

"hsa:01521"

mapkG1[[1]]

A graphNEL graph with directed edges
Number of Nodes = 71 
Number of Edges = 204

BN: construct structures and estimate parameters

construct BN structures

Now we can construct BN structures based on unified signaling pathways and consequently need the results of unify_path function.

BN <- BN_struct(unify_results$mapkG1)

The BN_struct function returns a list contains BNs structures reconstructed from all mapkG1.

The LASSO regression, the second step of simplification

Given that the data used is continuous, each node is modeled as a regression line on its parents (11,14). Thus, on some of these regression lines, the number of these independent variables is high, so in order to avoid the collinearity problem, we need to use the Lasso regression (15,16). We perform this function for any node with more than one parent, in all BNs achieved by BN_struct function, based on control and disease data obtained by unify_results function.

data_h <- unify_results$data_h
data_d <- unify_results$data_d
LASSO_results <- LASSO_BN(BN, data_h, data_d)

The LASSO_BN function returns a list contains two lists BN_H and BN_D are simplified BNs structures based on LASSO regression related to healthy and disease objects. This function lead to reduce number of edges too:

nrow(arcs(BN[[1]]))

204

nrow(arcs(LASSO_results$BN_H[[1]]))

116

nrow(arcs(LASSO_results$BN_D[[1]]))

116

Estimate the BN parameters

Now we can estimate (learn) parameters for any BNs based on healthy and disease data lists.

BN_H <- LASSO_results$BN_H
BN_D <- LASSO_results$BN_D
esti_results <- esti_par(BN_H, BN_D, data_h, data_d)

The esti_par function returns a list contains four lists. The BN_h, BN_d, are lists of BNs which their parameters learned by control and disease objects data. The coef_h and coef_d are lists of parameters of BN_h and BN_d. As you can see in below, node hsa:1978 in the first BN has one parent. The coefficient in control (healthy) data is 0.6958609 and in disease data is 1.1870730.

esti_results$BNs_h[[1]]$` hsa:1978`

Parameters of node hsa:1978 (Gaussian distribution)
Conditional density: hsa:1978 | hsa:2475
Coefficients:
(Intercept)     hsa:2475  
  2.8841264    0.6958609  
Standard deviation of the residuals: 0.3489612 

esti_results$BNs_d[[1]]$`hsa:1978`

Parameters of node hsa:1978 (Gaussian distribution)
Conditional density: hsa:1978 | hsa:2475
Coefficients:
(Intercept)     hsa:2475  
  0.9046357   1.1870730  
Standard deviation of the residuals: 0.2713789

Testing the equality BNs parameters

Variance of BNs parameters

We require the variance of the BNs parameters to perform the T-test between the corresponding parameters.

BN_h <- esti_results$BNs_h
BN_d <- esti_results$BNs_d
coef_h <- esti_results$coef_h
coef_d <- esti_results$coef_d
var_mat_results<- var_mat (data_h, coef_h, BN_h, data_d, coef_d, BN_d)

The var_mat function returns a list contains two lists var_mat_Bh and var_mat_Bd which are the variance-covariance matrixes for any parameters of BN_h and BN_d. The variance-covariance matrixes for the fifth node,hsa:1978, in first BN in two states control and disease is as follow:

(var_mat_results$var_mat_Bh[[1]])[5]

          [,1]      [,2]
[1,] 10.177073      -3.630152
[2,] -3.630152      1.296990

(var_mat_results$var_mat_Bd[[1]])[5]

          [,1]      [,2]
[1,]  3.549338      -1.0392040
[2,] -1.039204      0.3053785

Testing the equality BNs parameters

T-test perfoms between any corresponding parameters between each pair of learned BNs, BN_h and BN_d, in disease and control states. Assumptions are unequal sample sizes and unequal variances for all samples.

var_mat_Bh <- var_mat_results $var_mat_Bh
var_mat_Bd <- var_mat_results $var_mat_Bd
Ttest_results <- parm_Ttest(data_h, coef_h, BN_h, data_d, coef_d, BN_d, var_mat_Bh, var_mat_Bd, pathway.id1)
head(Ttest_results)

This function returns a data frame contains T-test results for all parameters in all final BNs. The row that is intercept in From variable, shows significance level for gene product that is shown in To variable. The rest of the data frame rows shows significance level for any edge of networks.

Identification of enriched pathways

In the last step we can determine enriched pathways by own threshold on p-value or fdr. Hence we run the Fisher's exact test for any final pathways. As stated above, the Ttest_results is a data frame contains T-test results for all parameters in final BNs achieved by parm_Ttest function and fdr.value A numeric threshold to determine significant parameters (default is 0.05).

BNrich_results <- BNrich(Ttest_results, pathway.id1, PathName_final, fdr.value = 0.05)
head(BNrich_results)

Session Info

The following package and versions were used in the production of this vignette.

 R version 3.6.1 (2019-07-05)
 Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)
 Running under: Windows 7 x64 (build 7601) Service Pack 1

 Matrix products: default

 locale:
 [1] LC_COLLATE=English_United Kingdom.1252  LC_CTYPE=English_United Kingdom.1252   
 [3] LC_MONETARY=English_United Kingdom.1252 LC_NUMERIC=C                           
 [5] LC_TIME=English_United Kingdom.1252    

 attached base packages:
 [1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base     

 other attached packages:
 [1] BNrich_0.1.0

 loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
  [1] Rcpp_1.0.2          codetools_0.2-16    lattice_0.20-38     corpcor_1.6.9      
  [5] foreach_1.4.7       glmnet_2.0-18       digest_0.6.20       grid_3.6.1         
  [9] stats4_3.6.1        evaluate_0.14       graph_1.63.0        Matrix_1.2-17      
 [13] rmarkdown_1.14      bnlearn_4.5         iterators_1.0.12    tools_3.6.1        
 [17] parallel_3.6.1      xfun_0.8            yaml_2.2.0          rsconnect_0.8.15   
 [21] compiler_3.6.1      BiocGenerics_0.31.5 htmltools_0.3.6     knitr_1.24

References:

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3. Luo Y, El Naqa I, McShan DL, Ray D, Lohse I, Matuszak MM, et al. Unraveling biophysical interactions of radiation pneumonitis in non-small-cell lung cancer via Bayesian network analysis. Radiother Oncol . 2017 Apr 1 ;123(1):85–92.
4. Agrahari R, Foroushani A, Docking TR, Chang L, Duns G, Hudoba M, et al. Applications of Bayesian network models in predicting types of hematological malignancies. Sci Rep . 2018 Dec 3;8(1):6951.
5. Zhi-wei J, Zhen-lei Y, Cai-xiu Z, Li-ying W, Jun L, Hong-li W, et al. Comparison of the Network Structural Characteristics of Calcium Signaling Pathway in Cerebral Ischemia after Intervention by Different Components of Chinese Medicine. J Tradit Chinese Med. 2011;31(3):251–5.
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7. Fu C, Deng S, Jin G, Wang X, Yu ZG. Bayesian network model for identification of pathways by integrating protein interaction with genetic interaction data. BMC Syst Biol. 2017;11.
8. Isci S, Ozturk C, Jones J, Otu HH. Pathway analysis of high-throughput biological data within a Bayesian network framework. 2011;27(12):1667–74.
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10. Spirtes P, Richardson T. Directed Cyclic Graphical Representations of Feedback Models. Proc Elev Conf Uncertain Artif Intell. 1995;1–37.
11. Neapolitan RE. Learning Bayesian networks. first. Chicago: Pearson Prentice Hall; 2004. 291–425 p.
12. Scutari M. Learning Bayesian Networks with the bnlearn R Package. J Stat Softw. 2010;35(3):1–22.
13. Hamm A, Prenen H, Van Delm W, Di Matteo M, Wenes M, Delamarre E, et al. Tumour-educated circulating monocytes are powerful candidate biomarkers for diagnosis and disease follow-up of colorectal cancer. Gut. 2016;65(6):990–1000.
14. Nagarajan R, Scutari M, Lèbre S. Bayesian Networks in R . New York, NY: Springer New York; 2013 [cited 2018 Apr 17].
15. Tibshirani R. The lasso method for variable selection in the cox model. Stat Med. 1997;16(4):385–95.
16. Buhlmann P, Geer S van de. Statistics for high-dimensional data: Methods, Theory and Applications . Springer Series in Statistics. 2011. 7–34 p.

These binaries (installable software) and packages are in development.
They may not be fully stable and should be used with caution. We make no claims about them.