Loading co2 data
In this example, we use a real dataset and apply a customised
covariance kernel.
For visualisation purposes, we will use only the first five years of
the sample.
y <- co2[1:60]
n <- length(y)
input <- 5*(1:n)/n
We want to fit a GPR model using the observed data and then make
predictions at a \(1000\) equally
spaced time points:
inputNew <- 5*seq(1/n, 1, length.out=1000) # input test for prediction
Using exponential covariance kernel
We will first fit a GPR model with a linear trend line for the mean
function by setting meanModel='t', and a exponential
covariance function by setting Cov='pow.ex' and
gamma=1.
set.seed(789)
fit1 <- gpr(input=input, response=y, Cov='pow.ex', gamma=1, meanModel='t',
nInitCandidates=50, trace=2)
sapply(fit1$hyper, exp)
#> pow.ex.v pow.ex.w vv
#> 3.432e+00 2.444e+00 2.794e-09
Since the noise variance vv estimate is extremely low,
this fitted model basically interpolates the datapoints:
plot(fit1, main="exponential kernel - fitted model")
See below the large uncertainty in predictions for test input
points:
pred1 <- gprPredict(train = fit1, inputNew=inputNew)
plot(pred1, main="exponential kernel - predictions")
These results suggest that the exponential kernel is likely not to be
the best choice. A kernel which takes into account a periodic pattern
may be wanted.
Using a customised covariance kernel
To capture the periodic pattern, we use the following covariance
function: \[\begin{equation}
k(t,t')=v \exp(-w (t-t')^2 - u \sin^2(\pi (t-t'))), \quad
v,w,u > 0
\label{cus-cov}
\end{equation}\] (see Williams, C. K., & Rasmussen, C. E.
(2006). “Gaussian Processes for Machine Learning”, the MIT press).
This is not a standard covariance kernel and is not included in the
package. Therefore, we will define it manually.
Defining a customised covariance kernel
The first step is to define the covariance kernel itself. The name of
the kernel must be constituted by the prefix cov. and 6
letters ( e.g., cov.custom).
Here the C++ function distMat is used to calculate
distances \(\exp(w)(t-t')^2\). The
similar distMatSq function is used when t and
t' are identical. See package documentation for more
details.
cov.custom <- function(hyper, input, inputNew=NULL){
hyper <- lapply(hyper, exp)
if(is.null(inputNew)){
inputNew <- as.matrix(input)
}else{
inputNew <- as.matrix(inputNew)
}
input <- as.matrix(input)
A1 <- distMat(input=input, inputNew=inputNew, A=as.matrix(hyper$custom.w),
power=2)
sept <- outer(input[,1], inputNew[,1], "-")
A2 <- hyper$custom.u*(sin(pi*sept))^2
customCov <- hyper$custom.v*exp(-A1-A2)
return(customCov)
}
Defining the first derivatives
The second step is to define the first derivative of the
log-likelihood with respect to each of the hyperparameters of the
covariance kernel.
The name of the functions should look like
Dloglik.custom.w, where the middle affix is the custom
defined name, and the last letter (i.e. w) names the vector
of the hyperparameters.
For details about derivatives, see Shi, J. Q., and Choi, T. (2011),
“Gaussian Process Regression Analysis for Functional Data”, CRC
Press.
Dloglik.custom.w <- function(hyper, input, AlphaQ){
A1 <- distMatSq(input=input, A=as.matrix(exp(hyper$custom.w)), power=2)
Dcov <- - cov.custom(hyper, input)*A1
out <- 0.5*sum(diag(AlphaQ%*%Dcov))
return(out)
}
Dloglik.custom.u <- function(hyper, input, AlphaQ){
sept <- outer(input[,1], input[,1], "-")
A2 <- exp(hyper$custom.u)*(sin(pi*sept))^2
Dcov <- - cov.custom(hyper, input)*A2
out <- 0.5*sum(diag(AlphaQ%*%Dcov))
return(out)
}
Dloglik.custom.v <- function(hyper, input, AlphaQ){
Dcov <- cov.custom(hyper, input)
out <- 0.5*sum(diag(AlphaQ%*%Dcov))
return(out)
}
Defining the second derivatives
The third step is to define the second derivatives of the
log-likelihood.
D2custom.w <- function(hyper, input, inv.Q, Alpha.Q){
Cov <- cov.custom(hyper, input)
A1 <- distMatSq(input=input, A=as.matrix(exp(hyper$custom.w)), power=2)
D1cov <- -Cov*A1
D2cov <- -(D1cov + Cov)*A1
D2c.w <- D2(D1cov, D2cov, inv.Q, Alpha.Q)
return(D2c.w)
}
D2custom.u <- function(hyper, input, inv.Q, Alpha.Q){
Cov <- cov.custom(hyper, input)
sept <- outer(input[,1], input[,1], "-")
A2 <- exp(hyper$custom.u)*(sin(pi*sept))^2
D1cov <- - Cov*A2
D2cov <- -(D1cov + Cov)*A2
D2c.u <- D2(D1cov, D2cov, inv.Q, Alpha.Q)
return(D2c.u)
}
D2custom.v <- function(hyper, input, inv.Q, Alpha.Q){
out <- cov.custom(hyper, input)
return(out)
}
Defining a diagonal matrix including the signal variance
Finally, we define a function to calculate a diagonal matrix
contanining the variance of the customised covariance function. This is
used for making predictions at new input points.
diag.custom <- function(hyper, input){
Qstar <- rep(exp(hyper$custom.v), nrow(input))
return(Qstar)
}
Fitting the GPR model with the customised kernel and making
predictions
fit2 <- gpr(input=input, response=y, Cov='custom',
NewHyper=c('custom.w','custom.u','custom.v'), gamma=2, meanModel='t',
nInitCandidates=50, trace=2, useGradient = F)
sapply(fit2$hyper, exp)
#> custom.u custom.v custom.w vv
#> 0.4299023 15.4127823 0.0009464 0.0677307
Note that now the noise variance vv estimate is no
longer so small. Both the fitted model and the predictions seem much
more reasonable for this dataset:
plot(fit2, main="customised kernel - fitted model")
#> Predicted values not found, ploting fitted values
pred2 <- gprPredict(train = fit2, inputNew=inputNew)
plot(pred2, main="customised kernel - predictions")
These binaries (installable software) and packages are in development.
They may not be fully stable and should be used with caution. We make no claims about them.