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This vignette demonstrates how to create a plot (using
ggplot2
) showing Major League Baseball runscoring trends
since the 1901 season.
First, we load the necessary packages: Lahman
(containing the baseball data), ggplot2
to create the
plots, and the data carpentry package dplyr
(note that
ggplot2
and dplyr
are included in the
tidyverse
package):
# package load
library(Lahman)
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)
For this example, we’ll use the data table Teams
in the
Lahman database.
Once it’s loaded, the data are filtered and summarized using dplyr.
filters from 1901 (the establishment of the American League) to the most recent year,
filters out (using !=
) the Federal League
after grouping by the year, summarizes the total number of runs scored, runs allowed, and games played
finally, calculates the league runs (leagueRPG
) and
runs allowed (leagueRAPG
) per game
data(Teams)
<- Teams %>%
MLB_RPG filter(yearID > 1900, lgID != "FL") %>%
group_by(yearID) %>%
summarise(R=sum(R), RA=sum(RA), G=sum(G)) %>%
mutate(leagueRPG=R/G, leagueRAPG=RA/G)
You may have heard that run scoring in Major League Baseball has been down in recent years–or is it going back up? This is a perfect opportunity to visualize the date; what can we see in a plot?
For the first version of the plot, we’ll make a basic X-Y plot, where
the X axis has the years and the Y axis has the average number of runs
scored. With ggplot2
, it’s easy to add a trend line (using
the geom_smooth
option).
The scale_x_continuous
options set the limits and breaks
of the axes.
<- ggplot(MLB_RPG, aes(x=yearID, y=leagueRPG)) +
MLBRPGplot geom_point() +
geom_smooth(span = 0.25) +
scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(1900, 2015, by = 20)) +
scale_y_continuous(limits = c(3, 6), breaks = seq(3, 6, by = 1))
MLBRPGplot
The way we would set the title, along with X and Y axis labels, would be something like this.
+
MLBRPGplot ggtitle("MLB run scoring, 1901-2016") +
theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust=0, size=16)) +
xlab("year") +
ylab("team runs per game")
So now we have a nice looking dot plot showing the average number of runs scored per game for the years 1901-2016. (The 2016 data is the most recent that has been added to the database.)
But a popular feature of charts–particularly in magazines–is a subtitle that has a summary of what the chart shows and/or what the author wants to emphasize.
In this case, we could legitimately say something like any of the following:
The peak of run scoring in the 2000 season has been followed by a steady drop
Teams scored 20% fewer runs in 2016 than in 2000
Team run scoring has fallen to just over 4 runs per game from the 2000 peak of 5 runs
Run scoring has been falling for 15 years, reversing a 30 year upward trend
I like this last one, drawing attention not only to the recent decline but also the longer trend that started with the low-scoring environment of 1968.
How can we add a subtitle to our chart that does that, as well as a
caption that acknowledges the source of the data? The new
labs
function, available starting with ggplot2
version 2.2.0, lets us do that.
Note that labs
contains the title, subtitle, caption, as
well as the X and Y axis labels.
+
MLBRPGplot labs(title = "MLB run scoring, 1901-2016",
subtitle = "Run scoring in 2016 was the highest in seven years",
caption = "Source: the Lahman baseball database",
x = "year", y = "team runs per game")
Easy.
For more information about the labs
function in
ggplot2
, the “Modify axis,
legend, and plot labels” reference page within the ggplot2
site,
part of the Tidyverse.
This vignette is an update of the blog posts:
These binaries (installable software) and packages are in development.
They may not be fully stable and should be used with caution. We make no claims about them.