Getting Started

Introduction

Constructing time series for Germany’s municipalities and districts is often challenging as borders of these units change over time. Some of today’s districts are the product of multiple districts that merged and got split up in the past (the same applies to municipalities but to a lesser extent). When district and municipality borders change significantly, the district and municipality identifiers (Amtlicher Gemeindeschlüssel, AGS) change too.

To compile long time series for municipalities and districts, the Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning (Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung, BBSR) has constructed annual crosswalks starting in 1990. These crosswalks map one year’s set of district (municipality) identifiers to later year’s identifiers and provide weights to perform area (or population) weighted interpolation for count data.

Usage

The package’s main function is xwalk_ags. To illustrate how this function works, we use federal election data from Saxony that are part of the package. The dataset includes the number of voters and valid votes on the district level between 1994 and 2017. The figure below shows turnout trends based on the data. There is a break in the time series between 2005 and 2009 when the number of districts in Saxony declined from 29 and 13 and all district identifiers changed.

data(btw_sn)
ggplot(btw_sn, aes(year, (valid/voters)*(100), group=district)) + 
geom_line() + geom_point() + ylab("Turnout (in %)") + xlab("Year")

To construct continuous time series on the number of voters and votes, we use the function xwalk_ags. It takes the input data, joins the crosswalk xwalk with the data by ags and time and then proceeds with the area or population interpolation depending on the parameter weight. If variables are left undefined the merged dataset will be returned instead.

 btw_sn_ags20 <- xwalk_ags(
  data=btw_sn, 
  ags="district", 
  time="year", 
  xwalk="xd20", 
  variables=c("voters", "valid"), 
  weight="pop")
#> 
#> Total number of obs: 155 
#> 
#> Excluded obs:
#> id/time NA    AGS unk   Year unk 
#>          0          0          0 
#> 
#> Matched obs:
#> exact fuzzy 
#>   126    NA 
#> 
#> Unmatched obs: 29

The output of xwalk_ags provides information on the number of excluded observations as well as the number of matched and unmatched observations. Unmatched observations are the consequence of values in ags that appear at least once in the crosswalk but not in the year when they are used in the data. More specifically, the 29 unmatched observations reported above are from the 1994 election which was preceded by a territorial reform in August 1994 reducing the number of districts from 54 to 29. The 29 new district identifiers only appear in the 1995 crosswalk for the first time.

To address this issue one can set fuzzy_time=TRUE. With fuzzy matching enabled, the data and the crosswalk are matched exactly by ags and as best as possible on time. The output of the function call below suggests that there are no unmatched observations left then. The subsequent figure displays the turnout trends across today’s district (\(n=13\)) and all seven elections.

 btw_sn_ags20 <- xwalk_ags(
  data=btw_sn, 
  ags="district", 
  time="year", 
  xwalk="xd20", 
  variables=c("voters", "valid"), 
  fuzzy_time=TRUE,
  weight="pop")
#> 
#> Total number of obs: 155 
#> 
#> Excluded obs:
#> id/time NA    AGS unk   Year unk 
#>          0          0          0 
#> 
#> Matched obs:
#> exact fuzzy 
#>   126    29 
#> 
#> Unmatched obs: 0

 ggplot(btw_sn_ags20, aes(year, (valid/voters)*100, group=ags20)) + 
 geom_line() + geom_point() + ylab("Turnout (in %)") + xlab("Year") 

References

• Milbert, Antonia. 2010. Gebietsreformen–politische Entscheidungen und Folgen für die Statistik. BBSR-Berichte kompakt 6/2010. Bundesinsitut für Bau-, Stadt-und Raumfoschung.

• Glossar Statistischer Fachbegriffe - Glossary of Statistical Terms. Deutsch - Englisch | Englisch - Deutsch.. Wiesbaden: Statistisches Bundesam 2013.