Introduction
This vignette visualizes classification results from a random forest, using tools from the package.
library(randomForest)
## Warning: package 'randomForest' was built under R version 4.1.3
## randomForest 4.7-1.1
## Type rfNews() to see new features/changes/bug fixes.
##
## Attaching package: 'randomForest'
## The following object is masked from 'package:gridExtra':
##
## combine
## The following object is masked from 'package:ggplot2':
##
## margin
library(classmap)
Instagram training data
We use the Instagram data to illustrate the visualization of a random forest classification. The data is on the identification of genuine/fake (spam) accounts on Instagram. The original data source is: https://www.kaggle.com/free4ever1/instagram-fake-spammer-genuine-accounts from Bardiya Bakhshandeh.
First we load and inspect the data.
data("data_instagram")
traindata <- data_instagram[which(data_instagram$dataType == "train"), -13]
str(traindata)
## 'data.frame': 576 obs. of 12 variables:
## $ profile.pic : int 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ nums.length.username: num 0.27 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ fullname.words : int 0 2 2 1 2 4 2 2 0 2 ...
## $ nums.length.fullname: num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ name..username : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ description.length : int 53 44 0 82 0 81 50 0 71 40 ...
## $ external.URL : int 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 ...
## $ private : int 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ X.posts : int 32 286 13 679 6 344 16 33 72 213 ...
## $ X.followers : int 1000 2740 159 414 151 669987 122 1078 1824 12945 ...
## $ X.follows : int 955 533 98 651 126 150 177 76 2713 813 ...
## $ y : Factor w/ 2 levels "genuine","fake": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
# The variable names and their interpretation are
colnames(traindata)
## [1] "profile.pic" "nums.length.username" "fullname.words"
## [4] "nums.length.fullname" "name..username" "description.length"
## [7] "external.URL" "private" "X.posts"
## [10] "X.followers" "X.follows" "y"
# profile.pic: binary, indicates whether profile has picture
# nums.length.username: ratio of number of numerical chars in username to its length
# fullname.words: number of words in full name
# nums.length.fullname: ratio of number of numerical characters in full name to its length
# name..username: binary, indicates whether name == username of the profile
# description.length: length of the description/biography of the profile (in number of characters)
# external.URL: binary, indicates whether profile has external url
# private: binary, indicates whether profile is private or not
# X.posts: number of posts made by profile
# X.followers: number of followers
# X.follows: numbers of follows
# y: whether profile is fake or not.
x_train <- traindata[, -12]
y_train <- traindata[, 12]
dim(traindata)
## [1] 576 12
table(traindata$y) # 50/50 split of genuine/fake accounts:
##
## genuine fake
## 288 288
Now we train a random forest. We set the seed as it is not deterministic.
set.seed(71)
rfout <- randomForest(y ~ ., data = traindata, keep.forest = TRUE)
Now we create a list called mytype which describes the types of the variables in the data. The variables that are not listed will be interval-scaled by default. The Instagram data contains mostly numeric variables and 4 symmetric binary variables.
mytype <- list(symm = c(1, 5, 7, 8))
Now we prepare for the visualization of the random forest classification.
vcrtrain <- vcr.forest.train(X = x_train, y = y_train,
trainfit = rfout, type = mytype)
names(vcrtrain)
## [1] "X" "yint" "y" "levels" "predint" "pred"
## [7] "altint" "altlab" "PAC" "figparams" "fig" "farness"
## [13] "ofarness" "trainfit"
vcrtrain$predint[c(1:10, 301:310)] # prediction as integer
## 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310
## 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
vcrtrain$pred[c(1:10, 301:310)] # prediction as label
## [1] "genuine" "genuine" "genuine" "genuine" "genuine" "genuine" "genuine"
## [8] "genuine" "genuine" "genuine" "fake" "fake" "fake" "fake"
## [15] "fake" "fake" "fake" "fake" "fake" "fake"
vcrtrain$altint[c(1:10, 301:310)] # alternative label as integer
## [1] 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
vcrtrain$altlab[c(1:10, 301:310)] # alternative label
## [1] "fake" "fake" "fake" "fake" "fake" "fake" "fake"
## [8] "fake" "fake" "fake" "genuine" "genuine" "genuine" "genuine"
## [15] "genuine" "genuine" "genuine" "genuine" "genuine" "genuine"
# Probability of Alternative Class (PAC) of each object:
vcrtrain$PAC[1:3]
## [1] 0.124 0.000 0.036
#
summary(vcrtrain$PAC)
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.00000 0.00000 0.01200 0.04935 0.05600 0.48400
# f(i, g) is the distance from case i to class g:
vcrtrain$fig[1:3, ] # for the first 3 objects:
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 0.8896095 0.9053458
## [2,] 0.2818389 0.9392232
## [3,] 0.6013421 0.5258344
# The farness of an object i is the f(i, g) to its own class:
vcrtrain$farness[1:3]
## [1] 0.8896095 0.2818389 0.6013421
#
summary(vcrtrain$farness)
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.02329 0.24326 0.50000 0.49483 0.74443 0.99996
# The "overall farness" of an object is defined as the
# lowest f(i, g) it has to any class g (including its own):
summary(vcrtrain$ofarness)
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.02329 0.22795 0.46616 0.47415 0.70684 0.99996
sum(vcrtrain$ofarness > 0.99, na.rm = TRUE)
## [1] 6
# With the default cutoff = 0.99 we find 6 outliers,
# also shown in the last column of the confusion matrix:
confmat.vcr(vcrtrain)
##
## Confusion matrix:
## predicted
## given genuine fake outl
## genuine 283 0 5
## fake 0 287 1
##
## The accuracy is 100%.
# If we do not want to show the outliers:
confmat.vcr(vcrtrain, showOutliers = FALSE)
##
## Confusion matrix:
## predicted
## given genuine fake
## genuine 288 0
## fake 0 288
##
## The accuracy is 100%.
# Note that the accuracy is computed before any objects
# are flagged, so it does not depend on the cutoff.
# Here the accuracy is `perfect' due to overfitting.
# The out-of-box prediction accuracy is about 92%.
cols <- c("blue", "red3")
Now we can use the visualization tools from this package.
stackedplot(vcrtrain, classCols = cols, main =
"Instagram training data")
# Silhouette plot:
silplot(vcrtrain, classCols = cols)
## classNumber classLabel classSize classAveSi
## 1 genuine 288 0.9
## 2 fake 288 0.9
# Here all the s(i) are nonnegative (due to overfitting).
# Class maps:
classmap(vcrtrain, "genuine", classCols = cols) #, identify = TRUE)
# farness outliers from furthest to closer: 45, 25, 41
x_train[c(45, 25, 41), ] # they have huge numbers of followers.
## profile.pic nums.length.username fullname.words nums.length.fullname
## 45 1 0 4 0
## 25 1 0 0 0
## 41 1 0 0 0
## name..username description.length external.URL private X.posts X.followers
## 45 0 35 0 0 4494 12397719
## 25 0 0 0 0 148 15338538
## 41 0 2 0 0 7389 890969
## X.follows
## 45 8
## 25 61
## 41 11
classmap(vcrtrain, "fake", classCols = cols) #, identify = TRUE)
# only case 261 is borderline far.
The classification of the training data is not very realistic due to overfitting, so let us look at the test data.
Instagram test data
Now we consider the test data. First we load the data.
testdata <- data_instagram[which(data_instagram$dataType == "test"), -13]
Xnew <- testdata[, -12]
ynew <- testdata[, 12]
We can now prepare for visualization:
vcrtest <- vcr.forest.newdata(Xnew, ynew, vcrtrain)
confmat.vcr(vcrtest)
##
## Confusion matrix:
## predicted
## given genuine fake outl
## genuine 54 5 1
## fake 5 54 1
##
## The accuracy is 91.67%.
First we visualize using the stacked plot and the silhouette plot:
stackedplot(vcrtest, classCols = cols,
main = "RF on Instagram test data")
# Silhouette plot:
silplot(vcrtest, classCols = cols, main =
"Silhouettes of RF on Instagram test data") # now some s(i) are negative
## classNumber classLabel classSize classAveSi
## 1 genuine 60 0.75
## 2 fake 60 0.75
Now we make the class maps
## Class of genuine accounts:
classmap(vcrtest, "genuine", classCols = cols) #, identify = TRUE)
# one farness outlier:
Xnew[c(30), ]
## profile.pic nums.length.username fullname.words nums.length.fullname
## 606 1 0 2 0
## name..username description.length external.URL private X.posts X.followers
## 606 0 147 1 0 1879 4021842
## X.follows
## 606 5514
# has very lengthy bio/description
# has large number of X.posts
# has very large number of followers and follows
# genuine misclassified as fake: from highest PAC to lowest
Xnew[c(21, 29, 51), ] # and 2 more borderline cases
## profile.pic nums.length.username fullname.words nums.length.fullname
## 597 1 0.50 1 0
## 605 1 0.33 1 0
## 627 1 0.00 3 0
## name..username description.length external.URL private X.posts X.followers
## 597 0 0 0 1 0 189
## 605 0 0 0 1 5 348
## 627 0 0 0 0 9 62
## X.follows
## 597 276
## 605 347
## 627 47
# They have some unusual characteristics for their class:
# * 21, 29 have a (very) high nums.length.username, i.e. the
# percentage of numerical characters in the username.
# * 21, 29 have a full name of only 1 word.
# * 21, 29 and 51 have description.length = 0, i.e. no
# description/biography of their profile.
# * they all have low X.posts (even 0 for case 21), i.e.
# relatively few previous posts.
# All of these characteristics are more common for fake profiles
# than for genuine profiles, as we can see below:
trcols <- cols[as.numeric(y_train)]
plot(x_train[, 1], col = trcols, main = "profile.pic")
# fakes are less likely to have a profile picture
plot(x_train[, 2], col = trcols, main = "nums.length.username")
# is higher for fakes
plot(x_train[, 3], col = trcols, main = "fullname.words")
# is lower for fakes
plot(x_train[, 4], col = trcols, main = "nums.length.fullname")
# is a bit higher for fakes
plot(x_train[, 5], col = trcols, main = "name..username")
# mostly 0 for genuine; fakes have a few values 1
plot(x_train[, 6], col = trcols, main = "description.length")
# fakes are typically lower, and more often zero
plot(x_train[, 7], col = trcols, main = "external.URL")
# fakes never had them, genuines sometimes did
plot(x_train[, 8], col = trcols, main = "private")
# no visible difference
plot((x_train[, 9])^0.1, col = trcols, main = "X.posts")
# fakes have fewer posts, and often none
plot((x_train[, 10])^0.1, col = trcols, main = "X.followers")
# fakes have fewer followers, sometimes none
plot((x_train[, 11])^0.1, col = trcols, main = "X.follows")
# fakes follow a bit fewer, but the difference is small.
## Class of fake accounts:
classmap(vcrtest, "fake", classCols = cols) #, identify = TRUE)
# Fake identified as genuine, from highest PAC to lower:
# c(27, 51, 34, 23, 58)
Xnew[which(ynew == "fake")[c(27, 34, 51, 23, 58)], ]
## profile.pic nums.length.username fullname.words nums.length.fullname
## 663 1 0 3 0
## 670 1 0 0 0
## 687 1 0 1 0
## 659 1 0 2 0
## 694 1 0 2 0
## name..username description.length external.URL private X.posts X.followers
## 663 0 58 0 0 4 1742
## 670 0 0 0 0 15 772
## 687 0 0 0 0 1 193
## 659 0 0 0 0 3 1789
## 694 0 0 0 0 3 833
## X.follows
## 663 6172
## 670 3239
## 687 669
## 659 6153
## 694 3572
# These have a number of characteristics which are more common
# for genuine profiles:
#
# all have profile pictures
# none have numerical characters in username
# none have numerical characters in fullname
# 27 has a lengthy bio description
# all have a relatively high number of followers
# all have a relatively high number of follows.