This document is to provide an overview of the moment-related
functionalities of the R package qfratio (CRAN; GitHub). Distribution-related functionalities are
documented in a separate vignette:
vignette("qfratio_distr").
Mathematical details
Moment existence conditions
For the above quantities to be well-defined and have finite
moments:
- \(\mathbf{B}\) (and \(\mathbf{D}\)) must be nonnegative definite
(i.e., has no negative eigenvalues)
- when \(p\) is non-positive-integer,
\(\mathbf{A}\) must be nonnegative
definite as well
For the simple ratio, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the
moment to exist is stated in Bao and Kan (2013, proposition 1):
- When \(\mathbf{B}\) is positive
definite, the moment exists if and only if \(\frac{n}{2} + p > q\).
- When \(\mathbf{B}\) is positive
semidefinite with rank \(l\), consider
a matrix of its eigenvectors \(\mathbf{P} =
(\mathbf{P}_1, \mathbf{P}_2)\), with \(\mathbf{P}_1\) and \(\mathbf{P}_2\) being \(n \times l\) and \(n \times (n - l)\) submatrices
corresponding to the nonzero and zero eigenvalues, respectively, and let
\(\tilde{\mathbf{A}}_{12} = \mathbf{P}_1^T
\mathbf{A} \mathbf{P}_2\) and \(\tilde{\mathbf{A}}_{22} = \mathbf{P}_2^T
\mathbf{A} \mathbf{P}_2\). Then,
- when \(\tilde{\mathbf{A}}_{12} =
\mathbf{0}_{l \times (n - l)}\) and \(\tilde{\mathbf{A}}_{22} = \mathbf{0}_{(n - l)
\times (n - l)}\), the moment exists if and only if \(\frac{l}{2} + p > q\);
- when \(\tilde{\mathbf{A}}_{12} \neq
\mathbf{0}_{l \times (n - l)}\) and \(\tilde{\mathbf{A}}_{22} = \mathbf{0}_{(n - l)
\times (n - l)}\), the moment exists if and only if \(\frac{l + p}{2} > q\); and
- when \(\tilde{\mathbf{A}}_{22} \neq
\mathbf{0}_{(n - l) \times (n - l)}\), the moment exists if and
only if \(\frac{l}{2} > q\).
For the multiple ratio, the existence conditions are more difficult
to define. When the null space of \(\mathbf{B}\) is a subspace of that of \(\mathbf{D}\) (or vice versa), the existence
problem reduces to that of the simple ratio, and the above conditions
apply by inserting the rank of \(\mathbf{B}\) and \(q + r\) into \(l\) and \(q\) above (Watanabe, 2023). However, when
both \(\mathbf{B}\) and \(\mathbf{D}\) are singular and neither of
their ranges is a subspace of each other, no general existence
conditions seem to be known in the literature. See the documentations
for qfrm and qfmrm for the behaviors when the
existence conditions are not satisfied.
Expressions for moments
There are several equivalent expressions for moments of ratios of
quadratic forms in normal variables, only some of which are amenable to
straightforward numerical evaluation. The package uses one class of such
expressions, based on a series expansion and term-by-term integration of
a ratio (Smith,
1989, 1993; Hillier, 2001; Hillier et al., 2009, 2014; Bao and
Kan, 2013).
The following expressions assume \(\mathbf{x} \sim
\qfrmvnorm{\boldsymbol{\mu}}{\mathbf{I}_n}\). For arbitrary but
nonsingular \(\boldsymbol{\Sigma}\), it
is always possible to transform the variables and argument matrices by
using \(\mathbf{x}_{\mathrm{new}} =
\mathbf{K}^{-1} \mathbf{x}\), \(\mathbf{A}_{\mathrm{new}} = \mathbf{K}^T
\mathbf{A} \mathbf{K}\), etc., where \(\mathbf{K}\) is an \(n \times n\) matrix that satisfies \(\mathbf{K} \mathbf{K}^T =
\boldsymbol{\Sigma}\) (Mathai and Provost, 1992, chap.
3). When \(\boldsymbol{\Sigma}\) is singular, certain
conditions need to be met by the argument matrices, \(\boldsymbol{\Sigma}\), and \(\boldsymbol{\mu}\) for this transformation,
and hence the following expressions, to be valid (Watanabe, 2023,
appendix C).
For the simple ratio with an arbitrary (positive real) \(p\), when the moment exists, the expression
is (Bao and Kan,
2013, eq. (12)) \[\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\qfrE \left( \frac{(\mathbf{x}^T \mathbf{A}
\mathbf{x})^p}{(\mathbf{x}^T \mathbf{B} \mathbf{x})^q} \right)
= &
2^{p - q} \beta_{\mathbf{A}}^{-p} \beta_{\mathbf{B}}^{q} \qfrGmf{
\frac{n}{2} + p - q } \\
& \quad \cdot
\sum_{i=0}^{\infty} \sum_{j=0}^{\infty}
\frac{ \qfrrf[i]{-p} \qfrrf[j]{q} }{ \qfrGmf{\frac{n}{2} + i + j } }
\\
& \qquad
\cdot
\qfrhij[i,j]{ \mathbf{I}_n - \beta_{\mathbf{A}} \mathbf{A} }{
\mathbf{I}_n - \beta_{\mathbf{B}} \mathbf{B} }
,
\end{aligned}
\tag{1}
\end{equation}\] and for a positive-integral \(p\), this can be simplified into (Bao and Kan, 2013, eq.
(13), correcting a typo): \[\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\qfrE \left( \frac{(\mathbf{x}^T \mathbf{A}
\mathbf{x})^p}{(\mathbf{x}^T \mathbf{B} \mathbf{x})^q} \right)
= &
2^{p - q} \beta_{\mathbf{B}}^{q} p! \qfrGmf{ \frac{n}{2} + p - q }
\sum_{j=0}^{\infty}
\frac{ \qfrrf[j]{q} }{ \qfrGmf{ \frac{n}{2} + p + j } }
\qfrhtij[p;j]{ \mathbf{A} }{ \mathbf{I}_n - \beta_{\mathbf{B}}
\mathbf{B} }
.
\end{aligned}
\tag{2}
\end{equation}\]
For the multiple ratio, the expression for an arbitrary \(p\) is (after Smith, 1989, eq. (5.2)) \[\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\qfrE \! \left( \frac{(\mathbf{x}^T \mathbf{A}
\mathbf{x})^p}{(\mathbf{x}^T \mathbf{B} \mathbf{x})^q (\mathbf{x}^T
\mathbf{D} \mathbf{x})^r} \right)
= &
2^{p - q - r} \beta_{\mathbf{B}}^{q} \beta_{\mathbf{D}}^{r}
\qfrGmf{ \frac{n}{2} + p - q - r }
\\
& \quad \cdot
\sum_{i=0}^{\infty} \sum_{j=0}^{\infty} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}
\frac{ \qfrrf[i]{-p} \qfrrf[j]{q} \qfrrf[k]{r} }{ \qfrGmf{ \frac{n}{2}
+ i + j + k } }
\\
& \quad \quad \cdot
\qfrhijk[i, j, k]{ \mathbf{I}_n - \beta_{\mathbf{A}} \mathbf{A} }{
\mathbf{I}_n - \beta_{\mathbf{B}} \mathbf{B} }{ \mathbf{I}_n -
\beta_{\mathbf{D}} \mathbf{D} },
\end{aligned}
\tag{3}
\end{equation}\] and for a positive-integral \(p\) (Watanabe, 2023, eq. (B28)),
\[\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
\qfrE \! \left( \frac{(\mathbf{x}^T \mathbf{A}
\mathbf{x})^p}{(\mathbf{x}^T \mathbf{B} \mathbf{x})^q (\mathbf{x}^T
\mathbf{D} \mathbf{x})^r} \right)
= &
2^{p - q - r} \beta_{\mathbf{B}}^{q} \beta_{\mathbf{D}}^{r} p!
\qfrGmf{ \frac{n}{2} + p - q - r } \\
& \quad \cdot
\sum_{j=0}^{\infty} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}
\frac{ \qfrrf[j]{q} \qfrrf[k]{r} }{ \qfrGmf{ \frac{n}{2} + p + j + k }
}
\\
& \quad \quad \cdot
\qfrhtijk[p; j,k]{ \mathbf{A} }{ \mathbf{I}_n - \beta_{\mathbf{B}}
\mathbf{B} }{ \mathbf{I}_n - \beta_{\mathbf{D}} \mathbf{D} },
\end{aligned}
\tag{4}
\end{equation}\]
In these expressions, \(\beta_{\cdot}\) are arbitrary scaling
constants that satisfy \(0 < \beta < 2 /
\qfrlmax\), with \(\qfrlmax\)
being the largest eigenvalue of the argument matrix. In addition, \(h_{k_1, \dots k_s}\) and \(\tilde{h}_{k_1; k_2 \dots k_s}\) are the
coefficients of \(t_1^{k_1} \dots
t_s^{k_s}\) in the following power series expansions: \[\begin{multline}
\det{ \mathbf{I}_n - t_1 \mathbf{A}_1 - \dots - t_s \mathbf{A}_s
}^{-\frac{1}{2}}
\\
\cdot
\exp \left( \frac{
(1 - t_1 - \dots - t_s) \boldsymbol{\mu}^T
\left( \mathbf{I}_n - t_1 \mathbf{A}_1 - \dots - t_s \mathbf{A}_s
\right)^{-1}
\boldsymbol{\mu}
- \boldsymbol{\mu}^T \boldsymbol{\mu}
}{2} \right)
\\
=
\sum_{k_1 = 0}^{\infty} \dots \sum_{k_s = 0}^{\infty} \qfrhijk[k_1,
\dots, k_s]{ \mathbf{A}_1 }{\dots}{ \mathbf{A}_s } t_1^{k_1} \dots
t_s^{k_s}, \label{gfun_hij} \\
\end{multline}\] \[\begin{multline}
\det{ \mathbf{I}_n - t_1 \mathbf{A}_1 - \dots - t_s \mathbf{A}_s
}^{-\frac{1}{2}}
\\ \cdot
\exp \left( \frac{
(1 - t_2 - \dots - t_s) \boldsymbol{\mu}^T
\left( \mathbf{I}_n - t_1 \mathbf{A}_1 - \dots - t_s \mathbf{A}_s
\right)^{-1}
\boldsymbol{\mu}
- \boldsymbol{\mu}^T \boldsymbol{\mu}
}{2} \right)
\\
=
\sum_{k_1 = 0}^{\infty} \dots \sum_{k_s = 0}^{\infty} \qfrhtijk[k_1;
k_2, \dots, k_s]{ \mathbf{A}_1 }{ \mathbf{A}_2, \dots }{ \mathbf{A}_s }
t_1^{k_1} t_2^{k_2} \dots t_s^{k_s}.
\end{multline}\] (These notations follow Bao and Kan (2013); Hillier
et al. (2014) used the symbol
\(h\) for \(\tilde{h}\) here.)
A common special case is when \(\boldsymbol{\mu} = \mathbf{0}_n\), in which
case the coefficients \(d\) in the
following expansion is used: \[\begin{equation}
\det{ \mathbf{I}_n - t_1 \mathbf{A}_1 - \dots - t_s \mathbf{A}_s
}^{-\frac{1}{2}}
=
\sum_{k_1 = 0}^{\infty} \dots \sum_{k_s = 0}^{\infty} \qfrdijk[k_1,
\dots, k_s]{ \mathbf{A}_1 }{\dots}{ \mathbf{A}_s } t_1^{k_1} \dots
t_s^{k_s}
.
\end{equation}\]
Actually, the above expressions (1)–(4) can be written in terms of
\(d\) with an additional argument (Hillier et al.,
2009; Bao and Kan, 2013), but
those alternative expressions are not utilized in the package.
A theoretically important result is that this \(d\) is related to the top-order zonal and
invariant polynomials of matrix arguments, \(C\) (Chikuse, 1987; Hillier et al., 2009): \[\begin{align}
\qfrdijk[k_1, \dots, k_s]{ \mathbf{A}_1 }{\dots}{ \mathbf{A}_s } =
\frac{ \qfrrf[k_1 + \dots + k_s]{\frac{1}{2}} }{ k_1 ! \dots k_s !}
\qfrCit{\qfrbrc{k_1}}{\dots}{\qfrbrc{k_s}}{\qfrbrc{k_1 + \dots +
k_s}}{ \mathbf{A}_1 }{\dots}{ \mathbf{A}_s }
,
\end{align}\] where \(\qfrbrc{k_i}\) and the like denote the
top-order partitions of \(k_i\), in the
notation of Smith (1989).
Note that the order of the argument matrices is arbitrary in \(d\) or \(h\), but not in \(\tilde{h}\) where \(\mathbf{A}_1\) is not interchangeable with
the other arguments.
Special cases
A notable special case for moments of simple ratios is when \(p\) is a positive integer and \(\mathbf{B} = \mathbf{I}_n\). In this case,
(2) simplifies into (Hillier et al., 2014, theorem 4)
\[\begin{equation}
\qfrE \left( \frac{(\mathbf{x}^T \mathbf{A}
\mathbf{x})^p}{(\mathbf{x}^T \mathbf{x})^q} \right)
=
2^{p - q} p!
\sum_{k=0}^{p}
\frac{ \qfrGmf{ \frac{n}{2} + p - q + k } }{ 2^k k! \qfrGmf{
\frac{n}{2} + p + k } }
{}_1 F_1 \left( q ; \frac{n}{2} + p + k ; - \frac{\boldsymbol{\mu}^T
\boldsymbol{\mu}}{2} \right) a_{p, k} \left( \mathbf{A},
\boldsymbol{\mu} \right)
,
\tag{5}
\end{equation}\] where \({}_1 F_1
\left( \cdot ; \cdot ; \cdot \right)\) is the confluent
hypergeometric function, and \(a_{p,
k}\) are the coefficients of \(t^p\) in \[\begin{align}
&
\det{ \mathbf{I}_n - t \mathbf{A} }^{-\frac{1}{2}}
\left(
\boldsymbol{\mu}^T \left( \mathbf{I}_n - t \mathbf{A} \right)^{-1}
\boldsymbol{\mu}
- \boldsymbol{\mu}^T \boldsymbol{\mu}
\right) ^ k
=
\sum_{i = k}^{\infty} a_{p, i} \left( \mathbf{A}, \boldsymbol{\mu}
\right) t^{i}.
\end{align}\] As the lowest-order term in this last expansion is
that of \(t^k\), \(a_{p, k} = 0\) for \(k > p\), so that the series in (5)
truncates at \(k = p\). This truncation
enables quasi-exact evaluation of the moment, given accurate evaluation
of the hypergeometric function.
When \(\boldsymbol{\mu} =
\mathbf{0}_n\) in addition, (5) further simplifies as \(a_{p, k} = 0\) for \(k > 0\), so that the series essentially
vanishes leaving only the term for \(k =
0\). Similar simplification happens in (1), (3), and (4) as well
when any of the argument matrices is \(\mathbf{I}_n\) and \(\boldsymbol{\mu} = \mathbf{0}_n\), although
they will still involve a single or double infinite series.
Numerical evaluation
The above expressions (1)–(4) are exact, but their exact values
cannot generally be evaluated as they involve infinite series, except
when the conditions for (5) apply. Fortunately, the series are
absolutely convergent, so that their partial sums up to certain orders
typically yield a sufficiently accurate result. This is what is done by
the qfrm() and qfmrm() functions. The order of
evaluation is determined by the argument m; the functions
calculate the terms from \(i = j = k =
0\) to \(i + j + k \leq m\) (as
\(i,j,k\) appear in the above
summations) and then return an \(m +
1\) vector that contains sums of the same-order terms, along with
other things.
The default is m = 100, which sufficed for most of the
above examples, but for large problems, the user would want to use a
larger value (which can be hundreds of thousands for very large
problems; see below).
The coefficients \(d\), \(h\), \(\tilde{h}\) are evaluated by recursive
algorithms described below. At the core of this package are internal
functions to implement these recursive algorithms, which can be
computationally intensive as the problem becomes larger.
Truncation error
A great advantage in the above expressions is that an error bound is
available for a partial (truncated) sum for the simple ratio, provided
that \(p\) is a positive integer and
\(\mathbf{B}\) is positive definite. By
denoting the expression (2) as \(M \left(
\mathbf{A}, \mathbf{B}, p, q \right)\) and the partial sum of the
same up to \(j = m\) as \(\hat{M}_m \left( \mathbf{A}, \mathbf{B}, p, q
\right)\), the error bound is (Hillier et al., 2014, theorem 7)
\[\begin{multline}
\lvert M \left( \mathbf{A}, \mathbf{B}, p, q \right) - \hat{M}_m
\left( \mathbf{A}, \mathbf{B}, p, q \right) \rvert \\
\leq
\frac{ 2^{p - q} \beta_{\mathbf{B}}^{q} p! \qfrGmf{ \frac{n}{2} + p -
q } \qfrrf[m+1]{q} }
{ \qfrGmf{ \frac{n}{2} + p + m + 1 } }
\left[
\frac{
\exp \left( \frac{ \bar{\boldsymbol{\mu}}^T \bar{\boldsymbol{\mu}}
- \boldsymbol{\mu}^T \boldsymbol{\mu} }{2} \right)
\qfrdtk[p]{ \bar{A} }{ \bar{\boldsymbol{\mu}} }
}{
\det{\beta_{\mathbf{B}} \mathbf{B}}^{\frac{1}{2}}
}
- \sum_{j=0}^{m}
\qfrhhij[p;j]{ \mathbf{A}^+ }{ \mathbf{I}_n - \beta_{\mathbf{B}}
\mathbf{B} }
\right]
,
\end{multline}\] where \(\mathbf{A}^+\) is a symmetric matrix
constructed from the eigenvectors and “positivized” eigenvalues of \(\mathbf{A}\) (above), \(\bar{\boldsymbol{\mu}} = \sqrt{2}\left(
\beta_\mathbf{B} \mathbf{B} \right)^{-\frac{1}{2}}
\boldsymbol{\mu}\), \(\bar{\mathbf{A}}
= \beta_{\mathbf{B}}^{-1} \mathbf{B}^{-\frac{1}{2}} \mathbf{A}^+
\mathbf{B}^{-\frac{1}{2}}\), and \(\tilde{d}\) and \(\hat{h}\) are coefficients in the following
generating functions: \[\begin{equation}
\det{ \mathbf{I}_n - t \mathbf{A} }^{-\frac{1}{2}}
\exp \left( \frac{
\boldsymbol{\mu}^T \left( \mathbf{I}_n - t \mathbf{A} \right)^{-1}
\boldsymbol{\mu}
- \boldsymbol{\mu}^T \boldsymbol{\mu}
}{2} \right)
=
\sum_{k = 0}^{\infty} \qfrdtk[k]{ \mathbf{A} }{ \boldsymbol{\mu} }
t^{k}
,
\end{equation}\] \[\begin{multline}
\det{ \mathbf{I}_n - t_1 \mathbf{A}_1 - \dots - t_s \mathbf{A}_s
}^{-\frac{1}{2}}
\\
\quad \cdot
\exp \left( \frac{
(1 + t_2 + \dots + t_s) \boldsymbol{\mu}^T
\left( \mathbf{I}_n - t_1 \mathbf{A}_1 - \dots - t_s \mathbf{A}_s
\right)^{-1}
\boldsymbol{\mu}
- \boldsymbol{\mu}^T \boldsymbol{\mu}
}{2} \right) \\
=
\sum_{k_1 = 0}^{\infty} \dots \sum_{k_s = 0}^{\infty} \qfrhhijk[k_1;
k_2, \dots, k_s]{ \mathbf{A}_1 }{ \mathbf{A}_2, \dots }{ \mathbf{A}_s }
t_1^{k_1} t_2^{k_2} \dots t_s^{k_s}
.
\end{multline}\]
For the multiple ratio, a similar error bound is available when \(\mathbf{D} = \mathbf{I}_n\), in addition to
\(p\) being a positive integer. By
denoting the expression (4) as \(M \left(
\mathbf{A}, \mathbf{B}, \mathbf{D}, p, q, r \right)\), and the
partial sum of (4) up to \(j + k = m\)
as \(\hat{M}_m \left( \mathbf{A}, \mathbf{B},
\mathbf{D}, p, q, r \right)\), the error bound is \[\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
&
\lvert M \left( \mathbf{A}, \mathbf{B}, \mathbf{I}_n, p, q, r \right)
- \hat{M}_m \left( \mathbf{A}, \mathbf{B}, \mathbf{I}_n, p, q, r \right)
\rvert
\\ & \quad
\leq
\frac{ 2^{p - q - r} \beta_{\mathbf{B}}^{q} p! \qfrGmf{ \frac{n}{2} +
p - q - r } \qfrrf[m+1]{\max \left( q, r \right)} }
{ \qfrGmf{ \frac{n}{2} + p + m + 1 } }
\\ & \quad \quad \cdot
\left[
\frac{
\exp \left( \frac{ \tilde{\boldsymbol{\mu}}^T
\tilde{\boldsymbol{\mu}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}^T \boldsymbol{\mu} }{2}
\right)
\qfrdtk[p]{ \bar{A} }{ \tilde{\boldsymbol{\mu}} }
}{
\det{\beta_{\mathbf{B}} \mathbf{B}}^{\frac{1}{2}}
}
- \sum_{k=0}^{m} \sum_{j=0}^{k}
\qfrhhijk[p;k-j,k]{ \mathbf{A}^+ }{ \mathbf{I}_n -
\beta_{\mathbf{B}} \mathbf{B} }{ \mathbf{0}_{n \times n} }
\right]
,
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}\] where \(\tilde{\boldsymbol{\mu}} = \sqrt{3}\left(
\beta_\mathbf{B} \mathbf{B} \right)^{-\frac{1}{2}}
\boldsymbol{\mu}\) and other notations are as above.
Recursions
The coefficients \(h\), \(\tilde{h}\), and \(\hat{h}\) in the above series expressions
are evaluated by the “super-short” recursive algorithm developed by
Hillier and colleagues (Bao and Kan, 2013; Hillier et al., 2014). That is,
\[\begin{align}
h_{i,j,k} = & \frac{\qfrtr{\mathbf{G}_{i,j,k}} +
\boldsymbol{\mu}^T \mathbf{g}_{i,j,k}}{2(i + j + k)}, \\
\tilde{h}_{i,j,k} = & \frac{\qfrtr{\tilde{\mathbf{G}}_{i,j,k}} +
\boldsymbol{\mu}^T \tilde{\mathbf{g}}_{i,j,k}}{2(i + j + k)}, \\
\hat{h}_{i,j,k} = & \frac{\qfrtr{\hat{\mathbf{G}}_{i,j,k}} +
\boldsymbol{\mu}^T \hat{\mathbf{g}}_{i,j,k}}{2(i + j + k)},
\end{align}\] where \[\begin{align}
\mathbf{G}_{i,j,k} = & \mathbf{A}_1 \left( h_{i-1,j,k}
\mathbf{I}_n + \mathbf{G}_{i-1,j,k} \right) \\
& + \mathbf{A}_2 \left( h_{i,j-1,k} \mathbf{I}_n +
\mathbf{G}_{i,j-1,k} \right) \\
& + \mathbf{A}_3 \left( h_{i,j,k-1} \mathbf{I}_n +
\mathbf{G}_{i,j,k-1} \right) , \\
\mathbf{g}_{i,j,k} = & \left( \mathbf{G}_{i,j,k} -
\mathbf{G}_{i-1,j,k} - \mathbf{G}_{i,j-1,k} - \mathbf{G}_{i,j,k-1}
\right) \boldsymbol{\mu} \\
& - \left( h_{i-1,j,k} + h_{i,j-1,k} + h_{i,j,k-1}
\right) \boldsymbol{\mu} \\
& + \mathbf{A}_1 \mathbf{g}_{i-1,j,k} + \mathbf{A}_2
\mathbf{g}_{i,j-1,k} + \mathbf{A}_3 \mathbf{g}_{i,j,k-1} , \\
\tilde{\mathbf{G}}_{i,j,k}
= & \mathbf{A}_1 \left( \tilde{h}_{i-1,j,k}
\mathbf{I}_n + \tilde{\mathbf{G}}_{i-1,j,k} \right) \\
& + \mathbf{A}_2 \left( \tilde{h}_{i,j-1,k}
\mathbf{I}_n + \tilde{\mathbf{G}}_{i,j-1,k} \right) \\
& + \mathbf{A}_3 \left( \tilde{h}_{i,j,k-1}
\mathbf{I}_n + \tilde{\mathbf{G}}_{i,j,k-1} \right) , \\
\tilde{\mathbf{g}}_{i,j,k}
= & \left( \tilde{\mathbf{G}}_{i,j,k} -
\tilde{\mathbf{G}}_{i,j-1,k} - \tilde{\mathbf{G}}_{i,j,k-1} \right)
\boldsymbol{\mu} \\
& - \left( \tilde{h}_{i,j-1,k} + \tilde{h}_{i,j,k-1}
\right) \boldsymbol{\mu} \\
& + \mathbf{A}_1 \tilde{\mathbf{g}}_{i-1,j,k} +
\mathbf{A}_2 \tilde{\mathbf{g}}_{i,j-1,k} + \mathbf{A}_3
\tilde{\mathbf{g}}_{i,j,k-1} , \\
\hat{\mathbf{G}}_{i,j,k}
= & \mathbf{A}_1 \left( \hat{h}_{i-1,j,k}
\mathbf{I}_n + \hat{\mathbf{G}}_{i-1,j,k} \right) \\
& + \mathbf{A}_2 \left( \hat{h}_{i,j-1,k}
\mathbf{I}_n + \hat{\mathbf{G}}_{i,j-1,k} \right) \\
& + \mathbf{A}_3 \left( \hat{h}_{i,j,k-1}
\mathbf{I}_n + \hat{\mathbf{G}}_{i,j,k-1} \right) , \\
\hat{\mathbf{g}}_{i,j,k}
= & \left( \hat{\mathbf{G}}_{i,j,k} +
\hat{\mathbf{G}}_{i,j-1,k} + \hat{\mathbf{G}}_{i,j,k-1} \right)
\boldsymbol{\mu} \\
& + \left( \hat{h}_{i,j-1,k} + \hat{h}_{i,j,k-1}
\right) \boldsymbol{\mu} \\
& + \mathbf{A}_1 \hat{\mathbf{g}}_{i-1,j,k} +
\mathbf{A}_2 \hat{\mathbf{g}}_{i,j-1,k} + \mathbf{A}_3
\hat{\mathbf{g}}_{i,j,k-1} , \\
\end{align}\] with the initial conditions \(h_{0,0,0} = \tilde{h}_{0,0,0} = \hat{h}_{0,0,0} =
1\) (as per Hillier et al. (2014), but not \(0\), as incorrectly printed in Bao and Kan (2013)), \(\mathbf{G}_{0,0,0} = \tilde{\mathbf{G}}_{0,0,0} =
\hat{\mathbf{G}}_{0,0,0} = \mathbf{0}_{n \times n}\), and \(\mathbf{g}_{0,0,0} = \tilde{\mathbf{g}}_{0,0,0} =
\hat{\mathbf{g}}_{0,0,0} = \mathbf{0}_n\). If any of the indices
is negative, the term is treated as \(0\).
The recursion for \(d\) can be
obtained by just inserting \(\boldsymbol{\mu}
= \mathbf{0}_n\) (and hence omitting \(\mathbf{g}\) altogether) in that for \(h\), and those for the two-argument
versions are by omitting any terms with \(\mathbf{A}_3\) or \(k - 1\) as an index in the corresponding
three-argument versions.
The recursion for \(\qfrdtk{\mathbf{A}}{\boldsymbol{\mu}}\) is
(Bao and Kan, 2013;
Hillier et al., 2014): \[\begin{equation}
\tilde{d}_{k} = \frac{1}{2k} \sum_{i=1}^n \left(u_{k,i} + v_{k,i}
\right),
\end{equation}\] where \[\begin{align}
u_{k,i} = & \lambda_i \left( \tilde{d}_{k-1} + u_{k-1,i} \right),
\\
v_{k,i} = & \delta_i u_{k,i} + \lambda_i v_{k-1,i},
\end{align}\] with \(\lambda_i\)
being the \(i\)th eigenvalue of \(\mathbf{A}\), \(\delta_i = \left( \mathbf{h}_i^T \boldsymbol{\mu}
\right)^2\), \(\mathbf{h}_i\)
being the eigenvector of \(\mathbf{A}\)
corresponding to \(\lambda_i\), and the
initial conditions are \(\tilde{d}_0 =
1\) and \(u_{0,i} = v_{0,i} =
0\) for all \(i\).
The recursion for \(a_{p,k} \left(
\mathbf{A}, \boldsymbol{\mu} \right)\) is (Hillier et al.,
2014, eqs. (31), (32), noting that \(w\) should be indexed by \(k\) as well): \[\begin{equation}
a_{p,k} = \sum_{i=1}^n \delta_i w_{p,k,i},
\end{equation}\] where \[\begin{equation}
w_{p,k,i} = \lambda_i \left( a_{p-1,k-1} + w_{p-1,k,i} \right),
\end{equation}\] with \(a_{p,0} =
\qfrdk[p]{\mathbf{A}}\) and \(w_{0,k,i}
= 0\) for any \(k, i\).
The recursion for \(\qfrdk{\mathbf{A}}\) can be obtained either
as that for \(\qfrdtk{\mathbf{A}}{\mathbf{0}_n}\) (where
all \(v\)’s are \(0\)) or by dropping any terms with \(\mathbf{A}_2\) or \(j-1\) as an index from that for the
two-argument version of \(d\)
above.
Functions
The package is designed for evaluation of moments of ratios of
quadratic forms using the recursive algorithms described above. The
primary front-end functions are qfrm() and
qfmrm(), which return a qfrm object containing
terms in the truncated series and error bound when available. Simple
print and plot methods are defined for the
qfrm class, for quick inspection of evaluation results.
rqfr(), rqfmr(), rqfp():
random number generation
These functions generate a random sample of the simple ratio \(\frac{\left( \mathbf{x}^T \mathbf{A} \mathbf{x}
\right)^p}
{\left( \mathbf{x}^T \mathbf{B} \mathbf{x} \right)^q}\), multiple
ratio \(\frac{\left( \mathbf{x}^T \mathbf{A}
\mathbf{x} \right)^p}
{\left( \mathbf{x}^T \mathbf{B} \mathbf{x} \right)^q\left( \mathbf{x}^T
\mathbf{D} \mathbf{x} \right)^r}\), and product \(\left( \mathbf{x}^T \mathbf{A} \mathbf{x}
\right)^p
\left( \mathbf{x}^T \mathbf{B} \mathbf{x} \right)^q \left( \mathbf{x}^T
\mathbf{D} \mathbf{x} \right)^r\), respectively, of quadratic
forms in normal variables \(\mathbf{x} \sim
\qfrmvnorm{\boldsymbol{\mu}}{\boldsymbol{\Sigma}}\).
They can be used for verifying results from the above functions, or
as a Monte Carlo surrogate when numerical convergence cannot be obtained
within reasonable computational memory and time.
Usage
rqfr(nit = 1000L, A, B, p = 1, q = p, mu, Sigma, use_cpp = TRUE)
rqfmr(nit = 1000L, A, B, D, p = 1, q = p/2, r = q, mu, Sigma, use_cpp = TRUE)
rqfp(nit = 1000L, A, B, D, p = 1, q = 1, r = 1, mu, Sigma, use_cpp = TRUE)
Similar to the regular random number generation functions, e.g.,
stats::rnorm(); the first argument nit is the
desired size of the random sample (or number of
iteration), followed by other parameters.
d1_i(), d2_*j_*(),
d3_*jk_*(), etc.: recursion algorithms
The package has a number of internal functions that implement the
recursive algorithms described above. They are usually
not accessed by the user, but are documented herein to
aid understanding of the package structure. Note also that, by default,
the actual calculations are handled by C++ equivalents,
which are not exposed to the user.
Arranged in the target variable and the number of argument matrices,
these are:
| \(d\) |
d1_i() |
d2_ij_*(), d2_pj_*() |
d3_ijk_*(), d3_pjk_*() |
| \(\tilde{d}\) |
dtil1_i_*() |
dtil2_pq_*() |
dtil3_pqr_*() |
| \(h\) |
— |
h2_ij_*() |
h3_ijk_*() |
| \(\tilde{h}\) |
— |
htil2_pj_*() |
htil3_pjk_*() |
| \(\hat{h}\) |
— |
hhat2_pj_*() |
htil3_pjk_*() |
| \(a\) |
a1_pk() |
— |
— |
The functions with *_ij_* or *_ijk_* are to
calculate terms in double and triple infinite series, with the
dimensions of the output determined by the argument m
(typically used with non-integer \(p\),
(1) or (3) above), whereas *_pj_* and *_pjk_*
are for the terms in series truncated along the first argument matrix
(used with integral \(p\), (2) or (4)).
The one matrix functions assume either of these two cases, and
dtil2_pq_*() and dtil3_pqr_*() assume finite
series along all argument matrices.
All these functions, excepting d1_i() and
a1_pk(), have two versions ending in *_m or
*_v, which stand for the matrix and vector “methods”. The
latter is for the situations where all the argument matrices are
co-diagonalized by the same eigenvectors, in which case the above
recursive algorithms reduce from full matrix arithmetic to element-wise
operations of the eigenvalues (and the rotated mean vector), which is
much less computationally intensive.
Most of these functions automatically scale the result to avoid
numerical overflow, and (log of) the scaling factors are appended as an
attribute of the return value, so that the front-end functions can
appropriately scale the results back to the original one (see
below).
These binaries (installable software) and packages are in development.
They may not be fully stable and should be used with caution. We make no claims about them.
