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Re-encoding people in the EDH dataset

Antonio Rivero Ostoic

Aarhus University

August 2022

Preliminaries

Install and load a version of "sdam" package.

install.packages("sdam") # from CRAN
devtools::install_github("sdam-au/sdam") # development version
devtools::install_github("mplex/cedhar", subdir="pkg/sdam") # legacy version R 3.6.x
# load and check versions
library(sdam)
packageVersion("sdam")
[1] '1.1.4'

EDH people

Since the year 2022 and still today, the API repository does not support people variables, and the EDH dataset serves as an alternative for the analysis of people-related inscriptions.

One challenge with people variables in EDH is that some records contain characters in Greek and Latin extended that need re-encoding for a proper rendering and display.

Re-encoding people in EDH

Ancient inscriptions in some Roman provinces have Greek characters written and, due to encoding and decoding steps in the process of extraction, loading, and transformation of the data (perhaps Treating UTF-8 Bytes as Windows-1252?), Greek and other Latin characters are not displayed properly with the actual version of the EDH dataset. Most of the encoding issues are in variables related to people, and some examples with inscriptions in Roman provinces are next.

Achaia

The Roman province of Achaia in the EDH dataset has inscriptions related to people.

Roman province of Achaia (ca 117 AD).

Roman province of Achaia (ca 117 AD).

Function edhw() is to obtain the available inscriptions per province in the EDH dataset, which is a list that is the input for the same function to extract people variables cognomen and nomen. In this case, the 'province' argument is Ach that stands for Achaia.

There are 1539 records with people in Ach that corresponds to the number of rows in this data frame.

[1] 1539

However, some records have either missing data or are inscriptions where cognomen and nomen are not available.

[1] 1465

Clean function for re-encoding

Treating with people attribute variables requires many times re-encoding that is one option in function cln(). For instance, values in cognomen in the first entries of Ach are likely in Greek.

        id                                            cognomen                   nomen
1 HD001917                                               Rufus Ponponius (= Pomponius)
2 HD001917                                                 Eia   Ponponia (= Pomponia)
3 HD001917                          Î<U+0094>όξα Î\235ίκη                    <NA>
4 HD002097 Î<U+0092>αλλενÏ<U+0084>ινιανόÏ<U+0082>+                    <NA>
5 HD002097                           Î<U+0092>άληÏ<U+0082>                    <NA>
6 HD002097                                           Arcadius+                    <NA>

Function cln() serves to re-encode Greek and Latin characters to render Greek, Greek extended, and Latin extended glyphs.

cognomen

Rufus
Eia
ΔόξαΝίκη
Βαλλεντινιανός+
Βάλης
Arcadius+

For cognomen in the last people entries in Achaia.

           id                                                                       cognomen
1534 HD068263                                             Î<U+009A>άλλÏ<U+0085>Ï<U+0082>
1535 HD068315 ΦÏ\201ονÏ<U+0084>εá¿<U+0096>νοÏ<U+0082> Î\235εικήÏ\201αÏ<U+0084>οÏ<U+0082>
1536 HD068319 ΦÏ\201ονÏ<U+0084>εá¿<U+0096>νοÏ<U+0082> Î\235εικήÏ\201αÏ<U+0084>οÏ<U+0082>
1537 HD072342                                          Î<U+0091>ἰμιλιανόÏ<U+0082>+
1538 HD072342                                             Î<U+009A>αιλιανόÏ<U+0082>+
1539 HD078079                                                                          Eburo
                               nomen
1534                            <NA>
1535 Î<U+009A>λαύδιοÏ<U+0082>
1536 Î<U+009A>λαύδιοÏ<U+0082>
1537 Î<U+009F>á½\220á½±Ï\201ιοÏ<U+0082>+
1538                            <NA>
1539                            <NA>

After re-encoding the last records in Ach with cln(), it is easier to see, for example, that some have identical cognomen where entries having <NA> in the input become NA.

cognomen

Κάλλυς
ΦροντεῖνοςΝεικήρατος
ΦροντεῖνοςΝεικήρατος
Αἰμιλιανός+
Καιλιανός+
Eburo

nomen

NA
Κλαύδιος
Κλαύδιος
Οὐάριος+
NA
NA

Re-encode Greek and Latin within data frames

Aegyptus

In the case of the province of Aegyptus, three people variables have a mixing og Greek and Latin characters scripted that need re-codification as well.

Roman province of Aegyptus (ca 117 AD).

Roman province of Aegyptus (ca 117 AD).

                                                                         cognomen
81                             Augustus+ / ΣεβαÏ<U+0083>Ï<U+0084>á½¹Ï<U+0082>
82                                                   Aquila / á¼<U+0088>κύλα
83 Traianus Hadrianus / ΤÏ\201αιανὸÏ<U+0082> á¼<U+0089>δÏ\201ιανόÏ<U+0082>
84                                               Serenus / ΣεÏ\201ηνόÏ<U+0082>
85                     Domitianus+ / Î<U+0094>ομιÏ<U+0084>ιανόÏ<U+0082>++
86                               Vegetus / Î<U+009F>á½\220έγεÏ<U+0084>οÏ<U+0082>
87                                Î<U+009B>Ï<U+0085>Ï<U+0083>ᾶÏ<U+0082> / Lysas
88                                            ΠλόκαμοÏ<U+0082> / Plocamus
                                                                                                                                                                                            name
81 Imp. Caesar divi f. August. / Î<U+0091>á½\220Ï<U+0084>οκÏ\201á½±Ï<U+0084>Ï<U+0089>Ï\201 Î<U+009A>αá¿<U+0096>Ï<U+0083>αÏ\201 θεοῦ Ï<U+0085>ἱὸÏ<U+0082> ΣεβαÏ<U+0083>Ï<U+0084>ὸÏ<U+0082>
82                                                                                         C. Iulio Aquila / Î<U+0093>αá¿<U+0093>οÏ<U+0085> ἸοÏ<U+0085>λίοÏ<U+0085> á¼<U+0088>κύλα
83                                                                                                                                Traiani Hadriani / ΤÏ\201αιανοῦ á¼<U+0089>δÏ\201ιανοῦ
84                      Sulpic. Serenus / ΣοÏ<U+0085>λÏ<U+0080>ίκιοÏ<U+0082> Ï<U+0085>ἱὸÏ<U+0082> Î<U+0093>ναίοÏ<U+0085> Î<U+009A>οÏ<U+0085>ιÏ\201ίνα ΣεÏ\201ηνὸÏ<U+0082>
85                                                                                                                                               [Domitiani] / [[Î<U+0094>ομιÏ<U+0084>ια.]]
86                                                        G. Septimio Vegeto / Î<U+0093>αá¿<U+0093>οÏ<U+0085> ΣεÏ<U+0080>Ï<U+0084>ιμίοÏ<U+0085> Î<U+009F>á½\220εγέÏ<U+0084>οÏ<U+0085>
87                                           Î<U+009B>Ï<U+0085>Ï<U+0083>ᾶÏ<U+0082> ΠοÏ<U+0080>λίοÏ<U+0085> á¼<U+0088>ννίοÏ<U+0085> ΠλοκάμοÏ<U+0085> / Lysas P. Anni Plocami
88                                                                                         ΠοÏ<U+0080>λίοÏ<U+0085> á¼<U+0088>ννίοÏ<U+0085> ΠλοκάμοÏ<U+0085> / P. Anni Plocami
                                                     nomen
81             Caesar / Î<U+009A>αá¿<U+0096>Ï<U+0083>αÏ\201
82                        Iulius / ἸούλιοÏ<U+0082>
83                                                    <NA>
84 Sulpicius* / ΣοÏ<U+0085>λÏ<U+0080>ίκιοÏ<U+0082>
85                                                    <NA>
86    Septimius / ΣεÏ<U+0080>Ï<U+0084>ίμιοÏ<U+0082>
87                                                    <NA>
88                    á¼<U+008C>ννιοÏ<U+0082> / Annius

For people in Aegyptus, columns three, and five to six correspond to cognomen, name, and nomen, where the output from cln() in the console is a dataframe.

cognomen

Augustus+ / Σεβαστός
Aquila / Ἀκύλα
Traianus Hadrianus / ΤραιανὸςἉδριανός
Serenus / Σερηνός
Domitianus+ / Δομιτιανός++
Vegetus / Οὐέγετος
Λυσᾶς / Lysas
Πλόκαμος / Plocamus

name

Imp. Caesar divi f. August. / ΑὐτοκράτωρΚαῖσαρθεοῦυἱὸςΣεβαστὸς
C. Iulio Aquila / ΓαΐουἸουλίουἈκύλα
Traiani Hadriani / ΤραιανοῦἉδριανοῦ
Sulpic. Serenus / ΣουλπίκιοςυἱὸςΓναίουΚουιρίναΣερηνὸς
[Domitiani] / [[Δομιτια
G. Septimio Vegeto / ΓαΐουΣεπτιμίουΟὐεγέτου
ΛυσᾶςΠοπλίουἈννίουΠλοκάμου / Lysas P. Anni Plocami
ΠοπλίουἈννίουΠλοκάμου / P. Anni Plocami

nomen

Caesar / Καῖσαρ
Iulius / Ἰούλιος
NA
Sulpicius* / Σουλπίκιος
NA
Septimius / Σεπτίμιος
NA
Ἄννιος / Annius

Some entries in Aeg have Greek extended characters, and one entry in Latin has a special character at the end (Sulpicius*), which can be omitted for further computations by raising the cleaning level to 2.

nomen in Aegyptus

Benefits from re-encoding and cleaning text from the EDH dataset are evident like when counting occurrences in the different attribute variables as with nomen in Aeg.

Servilius

[1] 4

Licinius

[1] 2


Lollianus+

[1] 2


Acilius

[1] 2


etc.

...

By raising the cleaning level to 2, all special characters are removed from the end, and it is possible to see that, in the Roman province of Aegyptus, Sempronius, Sentius, Valerius are the three most common nomen in inscriptions with four occurrences each.

Sempronius

[1] 4


Sentius

[1] 4


Valerius

[1] 4


Κούρτιος

[1] 2


etc.

...

Caveats

See Warnings section in manual.

See also

These binaries (installable software) and packages are in development.
They may not be fully stable and should be used with caution. We make no claims about them.