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predict() now works for CB-SEM models from
estimate_cbsem(), using the model-implied conditional
expectation of de Rooij et al. (2023), the rule of
lavaan::lavPredictY(). predict_DA and
predict_EA choose the predictor items as for PLS and PLSc,
so the three estimators’ predictions are comparable. Models with
interaction terms, higher-order constructs, ordinal indicators or
multiple groups, and non-converged or inadmissible fits, stop with the
reason (#426).predict() and predict_pls() pushed
composite scores, built from the uncorrected outer weights, through the
PLSc-corrected path coefficients and loadings whenever a model had
reflective() constructs. PLSc coefficients describe the
common factors, not the composites, so the predictions were
over-dispersed (by 1/sqrt(rho_A) with a single antecedent) or reweighted
across correlated antecedents. PLSc models are now predicted with the
model-implied conditional expectation of de Rooij et al. (2023), using
the indicator correlations implied by the PLSc estimates;
predict_DA and predict_EA set the predictor
items. Inadmissible PLSc solutions stop with the reason (the checks are
listed in ?predict.seminr_model), and PLSc models with
interaction terms are no longer predicted (#427). Models without
reflective constructs are unchanged (#425).
In predict_pls(), a PLSc solution can be
inadmissible in a training fold even when the full-sample solution is
admissible, especially with few folds (for the mobi ECSI model, in about
70% of 5-fold and 30% of 10-fold runs). Such folds are skipped with one
warning that names them: their test rows are NA for both
PLS and the LM benchmark, and the prediction metrics use the remaining
rows. If every fold is inadmissible, predict_pls() stops.
The PLS chain is never used as a fallback. Cross-validation also no
longer turns any error or warning inside a fold into a failure with an
unrelated message (“row names supplied are of the wrong length”); they
now reach the caller.
Models estimated by seminr < 2.6.0 and saved (e.g. with
saveRDS()) keep their old PLSc estimates.
predict() on such a model that mixes
reflective() constructs with Mode A or unit-weighted
composites now warns to re-estimate it. estimate_pls()
stamps models with seminr_version for this
purpose.
PLSc (estimate_pls() with reflective()
constructs) corrected the paths into and out of Mode A and unit-weighted
composites as if they were common factors, by dividing their
correlations by sqrt(rho_A). Only Mode B composites were left
uncorrected. Consistent PLS corrects only common factors and treats
composites as fully reliable (Dijkstra & Henseler, 2015), as cSEM
does. All composites now use rho_A = 1 in PLSc. Path
coefficients and R² change for models that mix reflective()
constructs with Mode A or unit-weighted composite()
constructs. Loadings, all-reflective models, models with only
Mode B composites next to reflective constructs, and models without
reflective constructs are unchanged. The rho_A reported by
summary() is unchanged. Calling PLSc()
directly on a model without reflective constructs now leaves it
unchanged (it used to disattenuate its composites) (#430).
PLSc corrected a two-stage higher_composite() with
rho_A computed on its lower-order construct (LOC) scores, as if the HOC
were a common factor of them. A HOC of composite LOCs is now treated as
fully reliable (rho = 1). A HOC of common-factor LOCs is corrected with
the reliability of its stage-2 proxy, a weighted sum of error-laden LOC
scores: w’Sw, with the LOCs’ stage-1 reliabilities on the diagonal
of S (van Riel et al., 2017), as cSEM’s two-stage approach does.
Path coefficients and R² change for PLSc models with
higher_composite() constructs (on mobi, IE ->
Satisfaction 0.953 -> 0.920 with reflective LOCs; cSEM 0.918). A HOC
of common factors is now corrected even when no stage-2 construct is
reflective, and a reflective() construct that is declared
but not used in the structural model no longer makes
estimate_pls() run PLSc.
predict_pls() on a model from
estimate_cbsem() failed with an unrelated low-level error
(the CB-SEM object inherits seminr_model but has no weights
or loadings). It now stops with a message pointing to
predict(). predict() and
predict_pls() on a model from estimate_cfa()
failed the same way; they now stop and say that a CFA has no structural
model to predict from (#426).
plot.reliability_table() drew its reference line at
0.708, which is the indicator loading threshold (0.708²
≈ 0.50 explained variance). The metrics that plot shows — Cronbach’s
alpha, rhoA and rhoC — are construct-level internal consistency
reliabilities, judged against 0.70. The line is now
drawn at 0.70, and the value is exposed as a threshold
argument so it can be overridden and so the intended value is documented
rather than buried (#421). Reported by Marko Sarstedt.
predict_pls(reps = k) repeated the cross-validation
on the same folds, so every repetition gave the same predictions and
reps had no effect. Each repetition now draws new random
folds, and the predictions are averaged over the repetitions.
Results change for any call with reps greater than
1, including assess_cvpat(),
assess_cvpat_compare(), assess_pcm() and
assess_coa() in seminrExtras, which pass reps
on to predict_pls(). reps = NULL and
reps = 1 give the same results as before. A fold skipped as
inadmissible (PLSc) in one repetition is averaged over the
others.
predict() on test data with a missing value returned
NA for every prediction in that case’s row, because the
matrix products spread the NA through zero weights,
loadings and paths (NA * 0 is NA). Only the
predictions that use the missing value are NA now: a
missing item makes its own construct’s score NA and the
predictions that depend on it, and leaves the others. Predictions for
complete data are unchanged. PLSc models already behaved this
way.
estimate_pls() returned inadmissible PLSc solutions
without notice. It now warns, once, with every problem found: a rho_A
above one, a standardized loading above one, a disattenuated construct
correlation of 1 or more in absolute value, a structural-model-implied
construct correlation matrix that is not positive definite, or an
R-squared outside [0, 1]. The estimates are still returned. Such
solutions are common in small samples.
bootstrap_model() drops resamples whose estimation
fails or warns, so inadmissible PLSc resamples are now excluded from the
bootstrap statistics. The number dropped is reported in the final
message, stored in the model as boots_dropped (with
boots_requested), and printed by summary().
Bootstrap standard errors, t values, p values and confidence
intervals change for PLSc models with inadmissible resamples:
for a mobi model with a weak reflective block, 69 of 500 resamples were
dropped, and the t value of its weakest discriminant validity estimate
rose from 0.95 to 1.52.
PLSc divides by sqrt(rho_A). A rho_A of zero or below gave
NaN paths, R-squared and loadings with only R’s “NaNs
produced” warnings; estimate_pls() now stops and names the
constructs. A cross-validation fold or bootstrap resample with such a
rho_A is skipped.
construct_order() looped forever on structural
models in which an outcome construct’s antecedents are ordered before
the rest of the model (e.g. Image -> Loyalty next to
Image -> Expectation -> Quality), so
predict(technique = predict_EA) hung on them. A structural
model with a cycle now stops with an error.
The note that PLSc estimates of interaction models are subject to
some bias (Becker et al., 2018) never showed, because
estimate_pls() checked a field that is never set. It now
shows for PLSc models with interaction terms.
estimate_pls() with a
higher_reflective() construct, which is supported by
estimate_cbsem() only, failed with “undefined columns
selected”. It now stops and points to estimate_cbsem() or
higher_composite().
PLSc() on a model with a higher-order construct,
already corrected by estimate_pls(), failed with “subscript
out of bounds”. It now returns the model unchanged with a
message.
Parallel processing failed to start (“creation of server socket failed”) when its port was in use, e.g. by another R session started at the same time. It now retries on other ports.
The package maintainer address is now
seminrgroup@gmail.com (#420).
bootstrap_model() with the default
cores = NULL still uses every core. During R CMD check with
CRAN’s core limit set (_R_CHECK_LIMIT_CORES_, as with
--as-cran and on CRAN), it uses at most two, so the
package’s tests and vignettes stay within CRAN policy. Results do not
depend on the number of cores.
Substantial internal speedups across the heavy routines.
These are refactors only — no result changes. Verified
against the PLS-SEM R book code: with seeds pinned, 2.5.0 and 2.6.0
agree to max|diff| = 0 on every deterministic quantity
(path coefficients, loadings, weights, R², reliability, HTMT, AVE, VIF)
and every bootstrap quantity, for both cores = 1 and
cores = 2.
simplePLS() skips redundant matrix work in the
estimation loop.HTMT() reuses one correlation block per construct
instead of recomputing.predict_pls() avoids redundant model refits and
per-item lm fits.expand.grid.bootstrap_model(cores = 1) now runs replicates
in-process rather than shipping them to a one-worker PSOCK cluster, and
saves and restores the caller’s RNG state. Replicates continue to use
set.seed(seed + i), so bootstrap results remain identical
across core counts and across versions.predict() and predict_pls() now support
product_indicator and orthogonal interaction
models, in addition to two_stage. Previously, only
two_stage interactions could generate out-of-sample
predictions; the other methods threw an error. All three methods now
fully support single predictions (predict()), k-fold
cross-validation, and LOOCV via predict_pls().quadratic_term() models (using any interaction method) can
now generate predictions.predict_pls() now supports parallel execution for k-fold CV
when cores is specified (e.g.,
predict_pls(model, noFolds = 50, cores = 4)). Previously,
parallelization was only available for LOOCV.detect_interaction_method() function provides clean
dispatch based on interaction class attributes.plot() accepts a user-specified confidence level for
bootstrapped models, allowing displays at any alpha (e.g., 90%, 99%)
instead of the fixed 95% default (#407).construct_items(x, construct_name) (S3 generic),
construct_names(x) (S3 generic),
construct_name(construct),
construct_mode(mmMatrix, construct),
construct_type(model, construct),
all_factors(model), all_composites(model),
all_non_interactions(measurement_model). These replace and
consolidate a set of non-exported internal helpers; downstream code
should migrate off seminr::: triple-colon access and use
these exported functions instead.predict.seminr_model() dispatch refactored: uses
switch() on detected interaction method instead of
pattern-matching on measurement model names.model$interaction_params), including
orthogonalization regression coefficients needed for out-of-sample
prediction of orthogonal models.two_stage and one
product_indicator in the same model) produce an informative
error at prediction time.construct_items() and all_LOC_items()
return a character vector instead of a single-column matrix, restoring
expected downstream behavior (#364).vif_items() always returns a named list structure
(#377)These binaries (installable software) and packages are in development.
They may not be fully stable and should be used with caution. We make no claims about them.