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Using signs
is simple, especially if you’re familiar with functions like number()
, number_format()
, comma()
, comma_format()
, percent()
, and percent_format()
from the scales
package. It simply provides two new functions to complement these: signs()
and signs_format()
.
theme_set(theme_gray())
theme_update(
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
axis.text.y = element_blank(),
axis.ticks.y = element_blank()
)
p <-
ggplot(sleep) +
aes(group, extra) +
geom_point() +
xlab("Drug") +
ylab("Extra Sleep (hours)")
label_hours <- function(mapping) {
geom_text_repel(
mapping,
nudge_x = -.1,
direction = "y",
segment.size = .4,
segment.color = "grey75",
hjust = "right"
)
}
p +
label_hours(
aes(
label = case_when(
group == 1 ~ signs(extra, accuracy = .1),
group == 2 ~ number(extra, accuracy = .1)
)
)
)
You can use any formatting function with signs::signs()
—not just scales::number()
. Let’s assume everyone gets 8 hours of sleep, so we can label the points as percentages.
p +
ylab("Extra Sleep (% over 8 hours)") +
label_hours(
aes(
label = case_when(
group == 1 ~ signs(extra / 8, accuracy = .1, format = scales::percent),
group == 2 ~ percent(extra / 8, accuracy = .1)
)
)
)
Or we can muliply by days in a year and use scales::comma()
.
p +
ylab("Extra Sleep (hours / year)") +
label_hours(
aes(
label = case_when(
group == 1 ~ signs(extra * 365, format = scales::comma),
group == 2 ~ comma(extra * 365)
)
)
)
format
can be any function that takes a numeric vector and returns a character vector.
Note that format
and all other options (see below) come after the dots; this way you can enjoy the same matching by position you know from scales
. For example, if you prefer the simplicity of number(x, 1)
, you can simply use signs(x, 1)
.
signs::signs()
offers 3 other arguments for convenience:
add_plusses
trim_leading_zeros
label_at_zero
(#3 is addressed below under Axis Labels.)
Sometimes, as with this dataset, you want to show change from a baseline. You might not only want to include a − in front of negative numbers, but a + in front of positive numbers as well. This is as simple as add_plusses = TRUE
.
p +
label_hours(
aes(
label = case_when(
group == 1 ~ signs(extra, accuracy = .1, add_plusses = TRUE),
group == 2 ~ number(extra, accuracy = .1)
)
)
)
If all values are on the interval (−1, 1), it can be more compact to remove leading zeros. Do this with trim_leading_zeros = TRUE
:
p +
ylim(-.8, .8) +
label_hours(
aes(
label = case_when(
group == 1 ~ signs(extra, accuracy = .1, trim_leading_zeros = TRUE),
group == 2 ~ number(extra, accuracy = .1)
)
)
) +
theme(
axis.text.y = element_blank(),
axis.ticks.y = element_blank()
)
#> Warning: Removed 12 rows containing missing values (geom_point).
#> Warning: Removed 12 rows containing missing values (geom_text_repel).
You can also use Unicode minus signs on an entire axis. This function is called signs::signs_format()
, by analogy to scales::number_format()
, scales::percent_format()
, and the rest of the _format()
functions. Note that it accepts the same optional arguments as signs::signs()
as well.
theme_update(
axis.text.y = element_text(hjust = 1)
)
p +
scale_y_continuous(
limits = c(-.8, .8),
breaks = seq(-.8, .8, by = .2),
labels = signs_format(
accuracy = .1,
add_plusses = TRUE,
trim_leading_zeros = TRUE
)
) +
label_hours(
aes(
label = case_when(
group == 1 ~ signs(
extra,
accuracy = .1,
add_plusses = TRUE,
trim_leading_zeros = TRUE
),
group == 2 ~ number(extra, accuracy = .1)
)
)
)
#> Warning: Removed 12 rows containing missing values (geom_point).
#> Warning: Removed 12 rows containing missing values (geom_text_repel).
You may want to treat zero itself differently, particularly when every other value has either a plus or a minus. Maybe you’ll be extra pedantic about it with label_at_zero = "symbol"
(notice the y-axis labels below, not the data point labels):
p +
scale_y_continuous(
limits = c(-4, 6),
breaks = seq(-4, 6, by = 1),
labels = signs_format(
add_plusses = TRUE,
label_at_zero = "symbol"
)
) +
label_hours(
aes(
label = case_when(
group == 1 ~ signs(
extra,
accuracy = .1,
add_plusses = TRUE
),
group == 2 ~ number(extra, accuracy = .1)
)
)
)
Or, especially if the location of zero is already obvious, you might want to leave it blank with label_at_zero = "blank"
:
p +
scale_y_continuous(
limits = c(-4, 6),
breaks = seq(-4, 6, by = 1),
labels = signs_format(
add_plusses = TRUE,
label_at_zero = "blank"
)
) +
label_hours(
aes(
label = case_when(
group == 1 ~ signs(
extra,
accuracy = .1,
add_plusses = TRUE
),
group == 2 ~ number(extra, accuracy = .1)
)
)
)
You can set format
, add_plusses
, trim_leading_zeros
, or label_at_zero
globally for a script with options()
:
options(
signs.format = scales::number,
signs.add.plusses = TRUE,
signs.trim.leading.zeros = TRUE,
signs.label.at.zero = "none"
)
p +
scale_y_continuous(
limits = c(-.8, .8),
breaks = seq(-.8, .8, by = .2),
labels = signs_format(accuracy = .1, label_at_zero = "blank")
) +
label_hours(
aes(
label = case_when(
group == 1 ~ signs(extra, accuracy = .1),
group == 2 ~ number(extra, accuracy = .1)
)
)
)
#> Warning: Removed 12 rows containing missing values (geom_point).
#> Warning: Removed 12 rows containing missing values (geom_text_repel).
The defaults are scales::number
, FALSE
, FALSE
, and "none"
, respectively.
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They may not be fully stable and should be used with caution. We make no claims about them.