Using standardized mean differences

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Kazuki Yoshida

2022-03-27

Standardized mean difference

The standardized (mean) difference is a measure of distance between two group means in terms of one or more variables. In practice it is often used as a balance measure of individual covariates before and after propensity score matching. As it is standardized, comparison across variables on different scales is possible. For definitions see https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3144483/#s11title.

Standardized mean differences can be easily calculated with tableone. All standardized mean differences in this package are absolute values, thus, there is no directionality.

Load packages

## tableone package itself
library(tableone)
## PS matching
library(Matching)
## Weighted analysis
library(survey)
## Reorganizing data
library(reshape2)
## plotting
library(ggplot2)

Load data

The right heart catheterization dataset is available at https://biostat.app.vumc.org/wiki/Main/DataSets. This dataset was originally used in Connors et al. JAMA 1996;276:889-897, and has been made publicly available.

## Right heart cath dataset
rhc <- read.csv("https://biostat.app.vumc.org/wiki/pub/Main/DataSets/rhc.csv")

Unmatched table

Out of the 50 covariates, 32 have standardized mean differences of greater than 0.1, which is often considered the sign of important covariate imbalance (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3144483/#s11title).

## Covariates
vars <- c("age","sex","race","edu","income","ninsclas","cat1","das2d3pc","dnr1",
          "ca","surv2md1","aps1","scoma1","wtkilo1","temp1","meanbp1","resp1",
          "hrt1","pafi1","paco21","ph1","wblc1","hema1","sod1","pot1","crea1",
          "bili1","alb1","resp","card","neuro","gastr","renal","meta","hema",
          "seps","trauma","ortho","cardiohx","chfhx","dementhx","psychhx",
          "chrpulhx","renalhx","liverhx","gibledhx","malighx","immunhx",
          "transhx","amihx")

## Construct a table
tabUnmatched <- CreateTableOne(vars = vars, strata = "swang1", data = rhc, test = FALSE)
## Show table with SMD
print(tabUnmatched, smd = TRUE)

                        Stratified by swang1
                         No RHC          RHC             SMD   
  n                        3551            2184                
  age (mean (SD))         61.76 (17.29)   60.75 (15.63)   0.061
  sex = Male (%)           1914 (53.9)     1278 (58.5)    0.093
  race (%)                                                0.036
     black                  585 (16.5)      335 (15.3)         
     other                  213 ( 6.0)      142 ( 6.5)         
     white                 2753 (77.5)     1707 (78.2)         
  edu (mean (SD))         11.57 (3.13)    11.86 (3.16)    0.091
  income (%)                                              0.142
     $11-$25k               713 (20.1)      452 (20.7)         
     $25-$50k               500 (14.1)      393 (18.0)         
     > $50k                 257 ( 7.2)      194 ( 8.9)         
     Under $11k            2081 (58.6)     1145 (52.4)         
  ninsclas (%)                                            0.194
     Medicaid               454 (12.8)      193 ( 8.8)         
     Medicare               947 (26.7)      511 (23.4)         
     Medicare & Medicaid    251 ( 7.1)      123 ( 5.6)         
     No insurance           186 ( 5.2)      136 ( 6.2)         
     Private                967 (27.2)      731 (33.5)         
     Private & Medicare     746 (21.0)      490 (22.4)         
  cat1 (%)                                                0.583
     ARF                   1581 (44.5)      909 (41.6)         
     CHF                    247 ( 7.0)      209 ( 9.6)         
     COPD                   399 (11.2)       58 ( 2.7)         
     Cirrhosis              175 ( 4.9)       49 ( 2.2)         
     Colon Cancer             6 ( 0.2)        1 ( 0.0)         
     Coma                   341 ( 9.6)       95 ( 4.3)         
     Lung Cancer             34 ( 1.0)        5 ( 0.2)         
     MOSF w/Malignancy      241 ( 6.8)      158 ( 7.2)         
     MOSF w/Sepsis          527 (14.8)      700 (32.1)         
  das2d3pc (mean (SD))    20.37 (5.48)    20.70 (5.03)    0.063
  dnr1 = Yes (%)            499 (14.1)      155 ( 7.1)    0.228
  ca (%)                                                  0.107
     Metastatic             261 ( 7.4)      123 ( 5.6)         
     No                    2652 (74.7)     1727 (79.1)         
     Yes                    638 (18.0)      334 (15.3)         
  surv2md1 (mean (SD))     0.61 (0.19)     0.57 (0.20)    0.198
  aps1 (mean (SD))        50.93 (18.81)   60.74 (20.27)   0.501
  scoma1 (mean (SD))      22.25 (31.37)   18.97 (28.26)   0.110
  wtkilo1 (mean (SD))     65.04 (29.50)   72.36 (27.73)   0.256
  temp1 (mean (SD))       37.63 (1.74)    37.59 (1.83)    0.021
  meanbp1 (mean (SD))     84.87 (38.87)   68.20 (34.24)   0.455
  resp1 (mean (SD))       28.98 (13.95)   26.65 (14.17)   0.165
  hrt1 (mean (SD))       112.87 (40.94)  118.93 (41.47)   0.147
  pafi1 (mean (SD))      240.63 (116.66) 192.43 (105.54)  0.433
  paco21 (mean (SD))      39.95 (14.24)   36.79 (10.97)   0.249
  ph1 (mean (SD))          7.39 (0.11)     7.38 (0.11)    0.120
  wblc1 (mean (SD))       15.26 (11.41)   16.27 (12.55)   0.084
  hema1 (mean (SD))       32.70 (8.79)    30.51 (7.42)    0.269
  sod1 (mean (SD))       137.04 (7.68)   136.33 (7.60)    0.092
  pot1 (mean (SD))         4.08 (1.04)     4.05 (1.01)    0.027
  crea1 (mean (SD))        1.92 (2.03)     2.47 (2.05)    0.270
  bili1 (mean (SD))        2.00 (4.43)     2.71 (5.33)    0.145
  alb1 (mean (SD))         3.16 (0.67)     2.98 (0.93)    0.230
  resp = Yes (%)           1481 (41.7)      632 (28.9)    0.270
  card = Yes (%)           1007 (28.4)      924 (42.3)    0.295
  neuro = Yes (%)           575 (16.2)      118 ( 5.4)    0.353
  gastr = Yes (%)           522 (14.7)      420 (19.2)    0.121
  renal = Yes (%)           147 ( 4.1)      148 ( 6.8)    0.116
  meta = Yes (%)            172 ( 4.8)       93 ( 4.3)    0.028
  hema = Yes (%)            239 ( 6.7)      115 ( 5.3)    0.062
  seps = Yes (%)            515 (14.5)      516 (23.6)    0.234
  trauma = Yes (%)           18 ( 0.5)       34 ( 1.6)    0.104
  ortho = Yes (%)             3 ( 0.1)        4 ( 0.2)    0.027
  cardiohx (mean (SD))     0.16 (0.37)     0.20 (0.40)    0.116
  chfhx (mean (SD))        0.17 (0.37)     0.19 (0.40)    0.069
  dementhx (mean (SD))     0.12 (0.32)     0.07 (0.25)    0.163
  psychhx (mean (SD))      0.08 (0.27)     0.05 (0.21)    0.143
  chrpulhx (mean (SD))     0.22 (0.41)     0.14 (0.35)    0.192
  renalhx (mean (SD))      0.04 (0.20)     0.05 (0.21)    0.032
  liverhx (mean (SD))      0.07 (0.26)     0.06 (0.24)    0.049
  gibledhx (mean (SD))     0.04 (0.19)     0.02 (0.16)    0.070
  malighx (mean (SD))      0.25 (0.43)     0.20 (0.40)    0.101
  immunhx (mean (SD))      0.26 (0.44)     0.29 (0.45)    0.080
  transhx (mean (SD))      0.09 (0.29)     0.15 (0.36)    0.170
  amihx (mean (SD))        0.03 (0.17)     0.04 (0.20)    0.074

## Count covariates with important imbalance
addmargins(table(ExtractSmd(tabUnmatched) > 0.1))


FALSE  TRUE   Sum 
   18    32    50

Propensity score estimation

Usually a logistic regression model is used to estimate individual propensity scores. The model here is taken from “How To Use Propensity Score Analysis”. Predicted probabilities of being assigned to right heart catheterization, being assigned no right heart catheterization, being assigned to the true assignment, as well as the smaller of the probabilities of being assigned to right heart catheterization or no right heart catheterization are calculated for later use in propensity score matching and weighting.

rhc$swang1 <- factor(rhc$swang1, levels = c("No RHC", "RHC"))
## Fit model
psModel <- glm(formula = swang1 ~ age + sex + race + edu + income + ninsclas +
                         cat1 + das2d3pc + dnr1 + ca + surv2md1 + aps1 + scoma1 +
                         wtkilo1 + temp1 + meanbp1 + resp1 + hrt1 + pafi1 +
                         paco21 + ph1 + wblc1 + hema1 + sod1 + pot1 + crea1 +
                         bili1 + alb1 + resp + card + neuro + gastr + renal +
                         meta + hema + seps + trauma + ortho + cardiohx + chfhx +
                         dementhx + psychhx + chrpulhx + renalhx + liverhx + gibledhx +
                         malighx + immunhx + transhx + amihx,
               family  = binomial(link = "logit"),
               data    = rhc)

## Predicted probability of being assigned to RHC
rhc$pRhc <- predict(psModel, type = "response")
## Predicted probability of being assigned to no RHC
rhc$pNoRhc <- 1 - rhc$pRhc

## Predicted probability of being assigned to the
## treatment actually assigned (either RHC or no RHC)
rhc$pAssign <- NA
rhc$pAssign[rhc$swang1 == "RHC"]    <- rhc$pRhc[rhc$swang1   == "RHC"]
rhc$pAssign[rhc$swang1 == "No RHC"] <- rhc$pNoRhc[rhc$swang1 == "No RHC"]
## Smaller of pRhc vs pNoRhc for matching weight
rhc$pMin <- pmin(rhc$pRhc, rhc$pNoRhc)

Propensity score matching

The Matching package can be used for propensity score matching. The logit of the propensity score is often used as the matching scale, and the matching caliper is often 0.2 \(\times\) SD(logit(PS)). See https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3144483/#s5title for suggestions. After matching, all the standardized mean differences are below 0.1.

listMatch <- Match(Tr       = (rhc$swang1 == "RHC"),      # Need to be in 0,1
                   ## logit of PS,i.e., log(PS/(1-PS)) as matching scale
                   X        = log(rhc$pRhc / rhc$pNoRhc),
                   ## 1:1 matching
                   M        = 1,
                   ## caliper = 0.2 * SD(logit(PS))
                   caliper  = 0.2,
                   replace  = FALSE,
                   ties     = TRUE,
                   version  = "fast")
## Extract matched data
rhcMatched <- rhc[unlist(listMatch[c("index.treated","index.control")]), ]

## Construct a table
tabMatched <- CreateTableOne(vars = vars, strata = "swang1", data = rhcMatched, test = FALSE)
## Show table with SMD
print(tabMatched, smd = TRUE)

                        Stratified by swang1
                         No RHC          RHC             SMD   
  n                        1562            1562                
  age (mean (SD))         60.53 (17.61)   60.55 (15.72)   0.001
  sex = Male (%)            884 (56.6)      890 (57.0)    0.008
  race (%)                                                0.009
     black                  245 (15.7)      247 (15.8)         
     other                   97 ( 6.2)      100 ( 6.4)         
     white                 1220 (78.1)     1215 (77.8)         
  edu (mean (SD))         11.87 (3.13)    11.78 (3.16)    0.029
  income (%)                                              0.028
     $11-$25k               324 (20.7)      335 (21.4)         
     $25-$50k               252 (16.1)      262 (16.8)         
     > $50k                 127 ( 8.1)      124 ( 7.9)         
     Under $11k             859 (55.0)      841 (53.8)         
  ninsclas (%)                                            0.026
     Medicaid               163 (10.4)      152 ( 9.7)         
     Medicare               364 (23.3)      370 (23.7)         
     Medicare & Medicaid     94 ( 6.0)       95 ( 6.1)         
     No insurance            85 ( 5.4)       88 ( 5.6)         
     Private                502 (32.1)      498 (31.9)         
     Private & Medicare     354 (22.7)      359 (23.0)         
  cat1 (%)                                                0.058
     ARF                    714 (45.7)      680 (43.5)         
     CHF                    162 (10.4)      175 (11.2)         
     COPD                    54 ( 3.5)       57 ( 3.6)         
     Cirrhosis               42 ( 2.7)       47 ( 3.0)         
     Colon Cancer             1 ( 0.1)        1 ( 0.1)         
     Coma                    84 ( 5.4)       76 ( 4.9)         
     Lung Cancer              4 ( 0.3)        5 ( 0.3)         
     MOSF w/Malignancy      121 ( 7.7)      128 ( 8.2)         
     MOSF w/Sepsis          380 (24.3)      393 (25.2)         
  das2d3pc (mean (SD))    20.58 (5.48)    20.58 (5.08)   <0.001
  dnr1 = Yes (%)            125 ( 8.0)      130 ( 8.3)    0.012
  ca (%)                                                  0.022
     Metastatic             102 ( 6.5)       98 ( 6.3)         
     No                    1201 (76.9)     1193 (76.4)         
     Yes                    259 (16.6)      271 (17.3)         
  surv2md1 (mean (SD))     0.58 (0.20)     0.59 (0.20)    0.015
  aps1 (mean (SD))        57.13 (19.65)   57.26 (19.66)   0.007
  scoma1 (mean (SD))      19.37 (29.18)   18.88 (28.26)   0.017
  wtkilo1 (mean (SD))     70.24 (26.23)   70.70 (27.20)   0.017
  temp1 (mean (SD))       37.65 (1.89)    37.62 (1.74)    0.017
  meanbp1 (mean (SD))     73.70 (35.75)   73.11 (35.74)   0.016
  resp1 (mean (SD))       28.18 (13.87)   28.04 (14.15)   0.010
  hrt1 (mean (SD))       116.49 (43.19)  117.78 (40.25)   0.031
  pafi1 (mean (SD))      209.05 (106.18) 211.22 (108.06)  0.020
  paco21 (mean (SD))      37.55 (10.82)   37.46 (11.56)   0.008
  ph1 (mean (SD))          7.39 (0.11)     7.39 (0.11)    0.002
  wblc1 (mean (SD))       15.73 (12.03)   15.92 (13.00)   0.015
  hema1 (mean (SD))       30.78 (7.97)    30.88 (7.53)    0.014
  sod1 (mean (SD))       136.61 (7.87)   136.63 (7.43)    0.002
  pot1 (mean (SD))         4.04 (1.03)     4.05 (0.99)    0.009
  crea1 (mean (SD))        2.31 (2.39)     2.29 (1.97)    0.008
  bili1 (mean (SD))        2.54 (5.53)     2.55 (5.09)    0.002
  alb1 (mean (SD))         3.05 (0.69)     3.04 (0.96)    0.007
  resp = Yes (%)            538 (34.4)      520 (33.3)    0.024
  card = Yes (%)            587 (37.6)      598 (38.3)    0.015
  neuro = Yes (%)           114 ( 7.3)      109 ( 7.0)    0.012
  gastr = Yes (%)           273 (17.5)      291 (18.6)    0.030
  renal = Yes (%)            93 ( 6.0)       95 ( 6.1)    0.005
  meta = Yes (%)             72 ( 4.6)       74 ( 4.7)    0.006
  hema = Yes (%)             94 ( 6.0)       97 ( 6.2)    0.008
  seps = Yes (%)            333 (21.3)      331 (21.2)    0.003
  trauma = Yes (%)           15 ( 1.0)       12 ( 0.8)    0.021
  ortho = Yes (%)             2 ( 0.1)        1 ( 0.1)    0.021
  cardiohx (mean (SD))     0.20 (0.40)     0.20 (0.40)    0.006
  chfhx (mean (SD))        0.20 (0.40)     0.20 (0.40)    0.011
  dementhx (mean (SD))     0.07 (0.25)     0.07 (0.26)    0.017
  psychhx (mean (SD))      0.05 (0.23)     0.05 (0.23)   <0.001
  chrpulhx (mean (SD))     0.15 (0.36)     0.15 (0.36)    0.007
  renalhx (mean (SD))      0.06 (0.23)     0.05 (0.22)    0.031
  liverhx (mean (SD))      0.07 (0.25)     0.07 (0.26)    0.005
  gibledhx (mean (SD))     0.03 (0.17)     0.03 (0.17)    0.004
  malighx (mean (SD))      0.23 (0.42)     0.23 (0.42)    0.009
  immunhx (mean (SD))      0.30 (0.46)     0.28 (0.45)    0.041
  transhx (mean (SD))      0.13 (0.33)     0.12 (0.33)    0.014
  amihx (mean (SD))        0.03 (0.17)     0.03 (0.17)    0.004

## Count covariates with important imbalance
addmargins(table(ExtractSmd(tabMatched) > 0.1))


FALSE   Sum 
   50    50

Propensity score matching weight

The matching weight method is a weighting analogue to the 1:1 pairwise algorithmic matching (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23902694/). The matching weight is defined as the smaller of the predicted probabilities of receiving or not receiving the treatment over the predicted probability of being assigned to the arm the patient is actually in. After weighting, all the standardized mean differences are below 0.1. The standardized mean differences in weighted data are explained in https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26238958/.

## Matching weight
rhc$mw <- rhc$pMin / rhc$pAssign
## Weighted data
rhcSvy <- svydesign(ids = ~ 1, data = rhc, weights = ~ mw)

## Construct a table (This is a bit slow.)
tabWeighted <- svyCreateTableOne(vars = vars, strata = "swang1", data = rhcSvy, test = FALSE)
## Show table with SMD
print(tabWeighted, smd = TRUE)

                        Stratified by swang1
                         No RHC           RHC              SMD   
  n                      1522.89          1520.27                
  age (mean (SD))          60.82 (17.16)    60.77 (15.79)   0.003
  sex = Male (%)           875.8 (57.5)     872.3 (57.4)    0.003
  race (%)                                                  0.009
     black                 238.1 (15.6)     235.8 (15.5)         
     other                  94.9 ( 6.2)      97.8 ( 6.4)         
     white                1189.9 (78.1)    1186.6 (78.1)         
  edu (mean (SD))          11.80 (3.17)     11.80 (3.09)    0.002
  income (%)                                                0.004
     $11-$25k              316.5 (20.8)     317.0 (20.9)         
     $25-$50k              251.7 (16.5)     250.8 (16.5)         
     > $50k                127.1 ( 8.3)     128.4 ( 8.4)         
     Under $11k            827.6 (54.3)     824.1 (54.2)         
  ninsclas (%)                                              0.014
     Medicaid              153.7 (10.1)     151.9 (10.0)         
     Medicare              361.1 (23.7)     369.0 (24.3)         
     Medicare & Medicaid    91.5 ( 6.0)      91.2 ( 6.0)         
     No insurance           85.8 ( 5.6)      86.6 ( 5.7)         
     Private               487.0 (32.0)     482.2 (31.7)         
     Private & Medicare    343.7 (22.6)     339.3 (22.3)         
  cat1 (%)                                                  0.017
     ARF                   685.8 (45.0)     679.9 (44.7)         
     CHF                   160.1 (10.5)     163.2 (10.7)         
     COPD                   56.2 ( 3.7)      57.2 ( 3.8)         
     Cirrhosis              45.0 ( 3.0)      47.0 ( 3.1)         
     Colon Cancer            0.9 ( 0.1)       1.0 ( 0.1)         
     Coma                   79.4 ( 5.2)      77.4 ( 5.1)         
     Lung Cancer             4.2 ( 0.3)       5.0 ( 0.3)         
     MOSF w/Malignancy     122.4 ( 8.0)     121.5 ( 8.0)         
     MOSF w/Sepsis         368.9 (24.2)     368.1 (24.2)         
  das2d3pc (mean (SD))     20.58 (5.45)     20.56 (5.05)    0.005
  dnr1 = Yes (%)           131.5 ( 8.6)     129.2 ( 8.5)    0.005
  ca (%)                                                    0.006
     Metastatic             98.6 ( 6.5)      98.0 ( 6.4)         
     No                   1160.5 (76.2)    1162.3 (76.5)         
     Yes                   263.7 (17.3)     259.9 (17.1)         
  surv2md1 (mean (SD))      0.58 (0.20)      0.58 (0.20)    0.010
  aps1 (mean (SD))         57.30 (19.53)    57.13 (19.73)   0.008
  scoma1 (mean (SD))       19.12 (29.10)    19.10 (28.51)   0.001
  wtkilo1 (mean (SD))      70.19 (26.54)    70.19 (27.30)  <0.001
  temp1 (mean (SD))        37.63 (1.88)     37.64 (1.74)   <0.001
  meanbp1 (mean (SD))      73.18 (35.48)    73.22 (35.50)   0.001
  resp1 (mean (SD))        28.16 (13.84)    28.10 (14.09)   0.004
  hrt1 (mean (SD))        116.96 (42.74)   116.71 (40.28)   0.006
  pafi1 (mean (SD))       209.93 (107.48)  210.31 (108.23)  0.004
  paco21 (mean (SD))       37.56 (10.80)    37.51 (11.59)   0.004
  ph1 (mean (SD))           7.39 (0.11)      7.39 (0.11)    0.003
  wblc1 (mean (SD))        15.82 (12.03)    15.69 (12.69)   0.010
  hema1 (mean (SD))        30.90 (8.10)     30.95 (7.57)    0.007
  sod1 (mean (SD))        136.54 (7.86)    136.58 (7.38)    0.005
  pot1 (mean (SD))          4.04 (1.04)      4.05 (0.99)    0.004
  crea1 (mean (SD))         2.27 (2.31)      2.27 (1.95)   <0.001
  bili1 (mean (SD))         2.50 (5.37)      2.54 (5.15)    0.008
  alb1 (mean (SD))          3.04 (0.70)      3.04 (0.97)   <0.001
  resp = Yes (%)           516.6 (33.9)     512.6 (33.7)    0.004
  card = Yes (%)           582.2 (38.2)     585.6 (38.5)    0.006
  neuro = Yes (%)          109.6 ( 7.2)     109.0 ( 7.2)    0.001
  gastr = Yes (%)          270.3 (17.8)     272.7 (17.9)    0.005
  renal = Yes (%)           89.5 ( 5.9)      90.7 ( 6.0)    0.004
  meta = Yes (%)            70.0 ( 4.6)      70.2 ( 4.6)    0.001
  hema = Yes (%)            93.5 ( 6.1)      95.0 ( 6.2)    0.004
  seps = Yes (%)           325.5 (21.4)     322.0 (21.2)    0.005
  trauma = Yes (%)          14.8 ( 1.0)      14.3 ( 0.9)    0.003
  ortho = Yes (%)            1.0 ( 0.1)       0.9 ( 0.1)    0.003
  cardiohx (mean (SD))      0.20 (0.40)      0.20 (0.40)   <0.001
  chfhx (mean (SD))         0.20 (0.40)      0.20 (0.40)    0.004
  dementhx (mean (SD))      0.08 (0.26)      0.08 (0.26)    0.003
  psychhx (mean (SD))       0.05 (0.23)      0.05 (0.22)    0.004
  chrpulhx (mean (SD))      0.16 (0.36)      0.16 (0.36)    0.001
  renalhx (mean (SD))       0.05 (0.22)      0.05 (0.22)    0.001
  liverhx (mean (SD))       0.07 (0.25)      0.07 (0.25)    0.003
  gibledhx (mean (SD))      0.03 (0.17)      0.03 (0.17)    0.007
  malighx (mean (SD))       0.23 (0.42)      0.23 (0.42)    0.007
  immunhx (mean (SD))       0.28 (0.45)      0.28 (0.45)   <0.001
  transhx (mean (SD))       0.12 (0.33)      0.12 (0.33)    0.004
  amihx (mean (SD))         0.03 (0.18)      0.03 (0.18)    0.006

## Count covariates with important imbalance
addmargins(table(ExtractSmd(tabWeighted) > 0.1))


FALSE   Sum 
   50    50

Propensity score overlap weight

The overlap weight method is another alternative weighting method (https://amstat.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01621459.2016.1260466). After weighting, all the standardized mean differences are below 0.1.

## Overlap weight
rhc$ow <- (rhc$pAssign * (1 - rhc$pAssign)) / rhc$pAssign
## Weighted data
rhcSvyOw <- svydesign(ids = ~ 1, data = rhc, weights = ~ ow)

## Construct a table (This is a bit slow.)
tabWeightedOw <- svyCreateTableOne(vars = vars, strata = "swang1", data = rhcSvyOw, test = FALSE)
## Show table with SMD
print(tabWeightedOw, smd = TRUE)

                        Stratified by swang1
                         No RHC           RHC              SMD   
  n                      1005.82          1005.82                
  age (mean (SD))          60.88 (17.19)    60.88 (15.73)  <0.001
  sex = Male (%)           574.3 (57.1)     574.3 (57.1)   <0.001
  race (%)                                                 <0.001
     black                 157.5 (15.7)     157.5 (15.7)         
     other                  62.0 ( 6.2)      62.0 ( 6.2)         
     white                 786.3 (78.2)     786.3 (78.2)         
  edu (mean (SD))          11.78 (3.16)     11.78 (3.08)   <0.001
  income (%)                                               <0.001
     $11-$25k              208.4 (20.7)     208.4 (20.7)         
     $25-$50k              163.3 (16.2)     163.3 (16.2)         
     > $50k                 83.8 ( 8.3)      83.8 ( 8.3)         
     Under $11k            550.3 (54.7)     550.3 (54.7)         
  ninsclas (%)                                             <0.001
     Medicaid              104.1 (10.4)     104.1 (10.4)         
     Medicare              242.5 (24.1)     242.5 (24.1)         
     Medicare & Medicaid    60.7 ( 6.0)      60.7 ( 6.0)         
     No insurance           57.1 ( 5.7)      57.1 ( 5.7)         
     Private               315.9 (31.4)     315.9 (31.4)         
     Private & Medicare    225.5 (22.4)     225.5 (22.4)         
  cat1 (%)                                                 <0.001
     ARF                   450.0 (44.7)     450.0 (44.7)         
     CHF                   100.3 (10.0)     100.3 (10.0)         
     COPD                   43.8 ( 4.4)      43.8 ( 4.4)         
     Cirrhosis              32.5 ( 3.2)      32.5 ( 3.2)         
     Colon Cancer            0.7 ( 0.1)       0.7 ( 0.1)         
     Coma                   56.4 ( 5.6)      56.4 ( 5.6)         
     Lung Cancer             3.3 ( 0.3)       3.3 ( 0.3)         
     MOSF w/Malignancy      79.1 ( 7.9)      79.1 ( 7.9)         
     MOSF w/Sepsis         239.7 (23.8)     239.7 (23.8)         
  das2d3pc (mean (SD))     20.57 (5.46)     20.57 (5.02)   <0.001
  dnr1 = Yes (%)            90.8 ( 9.0)      90.8 ( 9.0)   <0.001
  ca (%)                                                   <0.001
     Metastatic             65.7 ( 6.5)      65.7 ( 6.5)         
     No                    767.4 (76.3)     767.4 (76.3)         
     Yes                   172.7 (17.2)     172.7 (17.2)         
  surv2md1 (mean (SD))      0.58 (0.20)      0.58 (0.20)   <0.001
  aps1 (mean (SD))         56.94 (19.78)    56.94 (19.79)  <0.001
  scoma1 (mean (SD))       19.57 (29.46)    19.57 (28.78)  <0.001
  wtkilo1 (mean (SD))      69.80 (26.87)    69.80 (27.65)  <0.001
  temp1 (mean (SD))        37.63 (1.87)     37.63 (1.74)   <0.001
  meanbp1 (mean (SD))      74.12 (36.09)    74.12 (36.18)  <0.001
  resp1 (mean (SD))        28.16 (13.90)    28.16 (14.18)  <0.001
  hrt1 (mean (SD))        116.54 (42.66)   116.54 (40.48)  <0.001
  pafi1 (mean (SD))       211.64 (108.24)  211.64 (109.43) <0.001
  paco21 (mean (SD))       37.76 (11.12)    37.76 (12.09)  <0.001
  ph1 (mean (SD))           7.39 (0.11)      7.39 (0.11)   <0.001
  wblc1 (mean (SD))        15.84 (12.07)    15.84 (12.94)  <0.001
  hema1 (mean (SD))        30.98 (8.17)     30.98 (7.64)   <0.001
  sod1 (mean (SD))        136.61 (7.82)    136.61 (7.31)   <0.001
  pot1 (mean (SD))          4.05 (1.04)      4.05 (1.00)   <0.001
  crea1 (mean (SD))         2.25 (2.30)      2.25 (1.95)   <0.001
  bili1 (mean (SD))         2.50 (5.37)      2.50 (5.05)   <0.001
  alb1 (mean (SD))          3.05 (0.70)      3.05 (1.05)   <0.001
  resp = Yes (%)           347.3 (34.5)     347.3 (34.5)   <0.001
  card = Yes (%)           378.1 (37.6)     378.1 (37.6)   <0.001
  neuro = Yes (%)           81.0 ( 8.1)      81.0 ( 8.1)   <0.001
  gastr = Yes (%)          177.6 (17.7)     177.6 (17.7)   <0.001
  renal = Yes (%)           58.3 ( 5.8)      58.3 ( 5.8)   <0.001
  meta = Yes (%)            46.3 ( 4.6)      46.3 ( 4.6)   <0.001
  hema = Yes (%)            62.9 ( 6.2)      62.9 ( 6.2)   <0.001
  seps = Yes (%)           208.1 (20.7)     208.1 (20.7)   <0.001
  trauma = Yes (%)           9.4 ( 0.9)       9.4 ( 0.9)   <0.001
  ortho = Yes (%)            0.7 ( 0.1)       0.7 ( 0.1)   <0.001
  cardiohx (mean (SD))      0.20 (0.40)      0.20 (0.40)   <0.001
  chfhx (mean (SD))         0.20 (0.40)      0.20 (0.40)   <0.001
  dementhx (mean (SD))      0.08 (0.27)      0.08 (0.27)   <0.001
  psychhx (mean (SD))       0.06 (0.23)      0.06 (0.23)   <0.001
  chrpulhx (mean (SD))      0.16 (0.37)      0.16 (0.37)   <0.001
  renalhx (mean (SD))       0.05 (0.22)      0.05 (0.22)   <0.001
  liverhx (mean (SD))       0.07 (0.25)      0.07 (0.25)   <0.001
  gibledhx (mean (SD))      0.03 (0.17)      0.03 (0.17)   <0.001
  malighx (mean (SD))       0.23 (0.42)      0.23 (0.42)   <0.001
  immunhx (mean (SD))       0.28 (0.45)      0.28 (0.45)   <0.001
  transhx (mean (SD))       0.12 (0.33)      0.12 (0.33)   <0.001
  amihx (mean (SD))         0.03 (0.18)      0.03 (0.18)   <0.001

## Count covariates with important imbalance
addmargins(table(ExtractSmd(tabWeightedOw) > 0.1))


FALSE   Sum 
   50    50

Assessing balance before and after matching/weighting

A plot showing covariate balance is often constructed to demonstrate the balancing effect of matching and/or weighting. Given the same propensity score model, the matching weight method often achieves better covariate balance than matching.

## Construct a data frame containing variable name and SMD from all methods
dataPlot <- data.frame(variable   = rownames(ExtractSmd(tabUnmatched)),
                       Unmatched  = as.numeric(ExtractSmd(tabUnmatched)),
                       Matched    = as.numeric(ExtractSmd(tabMatched)),
                       Weighted   = as.numeric(ExtractSmd(tabWeighted)),
                       WeightedOw = as.numeric(ExtractSmd(tabWeightedOw)))

## Create long-format data for ggplot2
dataPlotMelt <- melt(data          = dataPlot,
                     id.vars       = c("variable"),
                     variable.name = "Method",
                     value.name    = "SMD")

## Order variable names by magnitude of SMD
varNames <- as.character(dataPlot$variable)[order(dataPlot$Unmatched)]

## Order factor levels in the same order
dataPlotMelt$variable <- factor(dataPlotMelt$variable,
                                levels = varNames)

## Plot using ggplot2
ggplot(data = dataPlotMelt,
       mapping = aes(x = variable, y = SMD, group = Method, color = Method)) +
    geom_line() +
    geom_point() +
    geom_hline(yintercept = 0.1, color = "black", size = 0.1) +
    coord_flip() +
    theme_bw() +
    theme(legend.key = element_blank())

To construct a side-by-side table, data can be extracted as a matrix and combined using the print() method, which actually invisibly returns a matrix.

## Column bind tables
resCombo <- cbind(print(tabUnmatched,  printToggle = FALSE),
                  print(tabMatched,    printToggle = FALSE),
                  print(tabWeighted,   printToggle = FALSE),
                  print(tabWeightedOw, printToggle = FALSE))

## Add group name row, and rewrite column names
resCombo <- rbind(Group = rep(c("No RHC","RHC"), 4), resCombo)
colnames(resCombo) <- c("Unmatched","","Matched","","MW","","OW","")
print(resCombo, quote = FALSE)

                       Unmatched                       Matched                         MW                               
Group                  No RHC          RHC             No RHC          RHC             No RHC           RHC             
n                        3551            2184            1562            1562          1522.89          1520.27         
age (mean (SD))         61.76 (17.29)   60.75 (15.63)   60.53 (17.61)   60.55 (15.72)    60.82 (17.16)    60.77 (15.79) 
sex = Male (%)           1914 (53.9)     1278 (58.5)      884 (56.6)      890 (57.0)     875.8 (57.5)     872.3 (57.4)  
race (%)                                                                                                                
   black                  585 (16.5)      335 (15.3)      245 (15.7)      247 (15.8)     238.1 (15.6)     235.8 (15.5)  
   other                  213 ( 6.0)      142 ( 6.5)       97 ( 6.2)      100 ( 6.4)      94.9 ( 6.2)      97.8 ( 6.4)  
   white                 2753 (77.5)     1707 (78.2)     1220 (78.1)     1215 (77.8)    1189.9 (78.1)    1186.6 (78.1)  
edu (mean (SD))         11.57 (3.13)    11.86 (3.16)    11.87 (3.13)    11.78 (3.16)     11.80 (3.17)     11.80 (3.09)  
income (%)                                                                                                              
   $11-$25k               713 (20.1)      452 (20.7)      324 (20.7)      335 (21.4)     316.5 (20.8)     317.0 (20.9)  
   $25-$50k               500 (14.1)      393 (18.0)      252 (16.1)      262 (16.8)     251.7 (16.5)     250.8 (16.5)  
   > $50k                 257 ( 7.2)      194 ( 8.9)      127 ( 8.1)      124 ( 7.9)     127.1 ( 8.3)     128.4 ( 8.4)  
   Under $11k            2081 (58.6)     1145 (52.4)      859 (55.0)      841 (53.8)     827.6 (54.3)     824.1 (54.2)  
ninsclas (%)                                                                                                            
   Medicaid               454 (12.8)      193 ( 8.8)      163 (10.4)      152 ( 9.7)     153.7 (10.1)     151.9 (10.0)  
   Medicare               947 (26.7)      511 (23.4)      364 (23.3)      370 (23.7)     361.1 (23.7)     369.0 (24.3)  
   Medicare & Medicaid    251 ( 7.1)      123 ( 5.6)       94 ( 6.0)       95 ( 6.1)      91.5 ( 6.0)      91.2 ( 6.0)  
   No insurance           186 ( 5.2)      136 ( 6.2)       85 ( 5.4)       88 ( 5.6)      85.8 ( 5.6)      86.6 ( 5.7)  
   Private                967 (27.2)      731 (33.5)      502 (32.1)      498 (31.9)     487.0 (32.0)     482.2 (31.7)  
   Private & Medicare     746 (21.0)      490 (22.4)      354 (22.7)      359 (23.0)     343.7 (22.6)     339.3 (22.3)  
cat1 (%)                                                                                                                
   ARF                   1581 (44.5)      909 (41.6)      714 (45.7)      680 (43.5)     685.8 (45.0)     679.9 (44.7)  
   CHF                    247 ( 7.0)      209 ( 9.6)      162 (10.4)      175 (11.2)     160.1 (10.5)     163.2 (10.7)  
   COPD                   399 (11.2)       58 ( 2.7)       54 ( 3.5)       57 ( 3.6)      56.2 ( 3.7)      57.2 ( 3.8)  
   Cirrhosis              175 ( 4.9)       49 ( 2.2)       42 ( 2.7)       47 ( 3.0)      45.0 ( 3.0)      47.0 ( 3.1)  
   Colon Cancer             6 ( 0.2)        1 ( 0.0)        1 ( 0.1)        1 ( 0.1)       0.9 ( 0.1)       1.0 ( 0.1)  
   Coma                   341 ( 9.6)       95 ( 4.3)       84 ( 5.4)       76 ( 4.9)      79.4 ( 5.2)      77.4 ( 5.1)  
   Lung Cancer             34 ( 1.0)        5 ( 0.2)        4 ( 0.3)        5 ( 0.3)       4.2 ( 0.3)       5.0 ( 0.3)  
   MOSF w/Malignancy      241 ( 6.8)      158 ( 7.2)      121 ( 7.7)      128 ( 8.2)     122.4 ( 8.0)     121.5 ( 8.0)  
   MOSF w/Sepsis          527 (14.8)      700 (32.1)      380 (24.3)      393 (25.2)     368.9 (24.2)     368.1 (24.2)  
das2d3pc (mean (SD))    20.37 (5.48)    20.70 (5.03)    20.58 (5.48)    20.58 (5.08)     20.58 (5.45)     20.56 (5.05)  
dnr1 = Yes (%)            499 (14.1)      155 ( 7.1)      125 ( 8.0)      130 ( 8.3)     131.5 ( 8.6)     129.2 ( 8.5)  
ca (%)                                                                                                                  
   Metastatic             261 ( 7.4)      123 ( 5.6)      102 ( 6.5)       98 ( 6.3)      98.6 ( 6.5)      98.0 ( 6.4)  
   No                    2652 (74.7)     1727 (79.1)     1201 (76.9)     1193 (76.4)    1160.5 (76.2)    1162.3 (76.5)  
   Yes                    638 (18.0)      334 (15.3)      259 (16.6)      271 (17.3)     263.7 (17.3)     259.9 (17.1)  
surv2md1 (mean (SD))     0.61 (0.19)     0.57 (0.20)     0.58 (0.20)     0.59 (0.20)      0.58 (0.20)      0.58 (0.20)  
aps1 (mean (SD))        50.93 (18.81)   60.74 (20.27)   57.13 (19.65)   57.26 (19.66)    57.30 (19.53)    57.13 (19.73) 
scoma1 (mean (SD))      22.25 (31.37)   18.97 (28.26)   19.37 (29.18)   18.88 (28.26)    19.12 (29.10)    19.10 (28.51) 
wtkilo1 (mean (SD))     65.04 (29.50)   72.36 (27.73)   70.24 (26.23)   70.70 (27.20)    70.19 (26.54)    70.19 (27.30) 
temp1 (mean (SD))       37.63 (1.74)    37.59 (1.83)    37.65 (1.89)    37.62 (1.74)     37.63 (1.88)     37.64 (1.74)  
meanbp1 (mean (SD))     84.87 (38.87)   68.20 (34.24)   73.70 (35.75)   73.11 (35.74)    73.18 (35.48)    73.22 (35.50) 
resp1 (mean (SD))       28.98 (13.95)   26.65 (14.17)   28.18 (13.87)   28.04 (14.15)    28.16 (13.84)    28.10 (14.09) 
hrt1 (mean (SD))       112.87 (40.94)  118.93 (41.47)  116.49 (43.19)  117.78 (40.25)   116.96 (42.74)   116.71 (40.28) 
pafi1 (mean (SD))      240.63 (116.66) 192.43 (105.54) 209.05 (106.18) 211.22 (108.06)  209.93 (107.48)  210.31 (108.23)
paco21 (mean (SD))      39.95 (14.24)   36.79 (10.97)   37.55 (10.82)   37.46 (11.56)    37.56 (10.80)    37.51 (11.59) 
ph1 (mean (SD))          7.39 (0.11)     7.38 (0.11)     7.39 (0.11)     7.39 (0.11)      7.39 (0.11)      7.39 (0.11)  
wblc1 (mean (SD))       15.26 (11.41)   16.27 (12.55)   15.73 (12.03)   15.92 (13.00)    15.82 (12.03)    15.69 (12.69) 
hema1 (mean (SD))       32.70 (8.79)    30.51 (7.42)    30.78 (7.97)    30.88 (7.53)     30.90 (8.10)     30.95 (7.57)  
sod1 (mean (SD))       137.04 (7.68)   136.33 (7.60)   136.61 (7.87)   136.63 (7.43)    136.54 (7.86)    136.58 (7.38)  
pot1 (mean (SD))         4.08 (1.04)     4.05 (1.01)     4.04 (1.03)     4.05 (0.99)      4.04 (1.04)      4.05 (0.99)  
crea1 (mean (SD))        1.92 (2.03)     2.47 (2.05)     2.31 (2.39)     2.29 (1.97)      2.27 (2.31)      2.27 (1.95)  
bili1 (mean (SD))        2.00 (4.43)     2.71 (5.33)     2.54 (5.53)     2.55 (5.09)      2.50 (5.37)      2.54 (5.15)  
alb1 (mean (SD))         3.16 (0.67)     2.98 (0.93)     3.05 (0.69)     3.04 (0.96)      3.04 (0.70)      3.04 (0.97)  
resp = Yes (%)           1481 (41.7)      632 (28.9)      538 (34.4)      520 (33.3)     516.6 (33.9)     512.6 (33.7)  
card = Yes (%)           1007 (28.4)      924 (42.3)      587 (37.6)      598 (38.3)     582.2 (38.2)     585.6 (38.5)  
neuro = Yes (%)           575 (16.2)      118 ( 5.4)      114 ( 7.3)      109 ( 7.0)     109.6 ( 7.2)     109.0 ( 7.2)  
gastr = Yes (%)           522 (14.7)      420 (19.2)      273 (17.5)      291 (18.6)     270.3 (17.8)     272.7 (17.9)  
renal = Yes (%)           147 ( 4.1)      148 ( 6.8)       93 ( 6.0)       95 ( 6.1)      89.5 ( 5.9)      90.7 ( 6.0)  
meta = Yes (%)            172 ( 4.8)       93 ( 4.3)       72 ( 4.6)       74 ( 4.7)      70.0 ( 4.6)      70.2 ( 4.6)  
hema = Yes (%)            239 ( 6.7)      115 ( 5.3)       94 ( 6.0)       97 ( 6.2)      93.5 ( 6.1)      95.0 ( 6.2)  
seps = Yes (%)            515 (14.5)      516 (23.6)      333 (21.3)      331 (21.2)     325.5 (21.4)     322.0 (21.2)  
trauma = Yes (%)           18 ( 0.5)       34 ( 1.6)       15 ( 1.0)       12 ( 0.8)      14.8 ( 1.0)      14.3 ( 0.9)  
ortho = Yes (%)             3 ( 0.1)        4 ( 0.2)        2 ( 0.1)        1 ( 0.1)       1.0 ( 0.1)       0.9 ( 0.1)  
cardiohx (mean (SD))     0.16 (0.37)     0.20 (0.40)     0.20 (0.40)     0.20 (0.40)      0.20 (0.40)      0.20 (0.40)  
chfhx (mean (SD))        0.17 (0.37)     0.19 (0.40)     0.20 (0.40)     0.20 (0.40)      0.20 (0.40)      0.20 (0.40)  
dementhx (mean (SD))     0.12 (0.32)     0.07 (0.25)     0.07 (0.25)     0.07 (0.26)      0.08 (0.26)      0.08 (0.26)  
psychhx (mean (SD))      0.08 (0.27)     0.05 (0.21)     0.05 (0.23)     0.05 (0.23)      0.05 (0.23)      0.05 (0.22)  
chrpulhx (mean (SD))     0.22 (0.41)     0.14 (0.35)     0.15 (0.36)     0.15 (0.36)      0.16 (0.36)      0.16 (0.36)  
renalhx (mean (SD))      0.04 (0.20)     0.05 (0.21)     0.06 (0.23)     0.05 (0.22)      0.05 (0.22)      0.05 (0.22)  
liverhx (mean (SD))      0.07 (0.26)     0.06 (0.24)     0.07 (0.25)     0.07 (0.26)      0.07 (0.25)      0.07 (0.25)  
gibledhx (mean (SD))     0.04 (0.19)     0.02 (0.16)     0.03 (0.17)     0.03 (0.17)      0.03 (0.17)      0.03 (0.17)  
malighx (mean (SD))      0.25 (0.43)     0.20 (0.40)     0.23 (0.42)     0.23 (0.42)      0.23 (0.42)      0.23 (0.42)  
immunhx (mean (SD))      0.26 (0.44)     0.29 (0.45)     0.30 (0.46)     0.28 (0.45)      0.28 (0.45)      0.28 (0.45)  
transhx (mean (SD))      0.09 (0.29)     0.15 (0.36)     0.13 (0.33)     0.12 (0.33)      0.12 (0.33)      0.12 (0.33)  
amihx (mean (SD))        0.03 (0.17)     0.04 (0.20)     0.03 (0.17)     0.03 (0.17)      0.03 (0.18)      0.03 (0.18)  
                       OW                               
Group                  No RHC           RHC             
n                      1005.82          1005.82         
age (mean (SD))          60.88 (17.19)    60.88 (15.73) 
sex = Male (%)           574.3 (57.1)     574.3 (57.1)  
race (%)                                                
   black                 157.5 (15.7)     157.5 (15.7)  
   other                  62.0 ( 6.2)      62.0 ( 6.2)  
   white                 786.3 (78.2)     786.3 (78.2)  
edu (mean (SD))          11.78 (3.16)     11.78 (3.08)  
income (%)                                              
   $11-$25k              208.4 (20.7)     208.4 (20.7)  
   $25-$50k              163.3 (16.2)     163.3 (16.2)  
   > $50k                 83.8 ( 8.3)      83.8 ( 8.3)  
   Under $11k            550.3 (54.7)     550.3 (54.7)  
ninsclas (%)                                            
   Medicaid              104.1 (10.4)     104.1 (10.4)  
   Medicare              242.5 (24.1)     242.5 (24.1)  
   Medicare & Medicaid    60.7 ( 6.0)      60.7 ( 6.0)  
   No insurance           57.1 ( 5.7)      57.1 ( 5.7)  
   Private               315.9 (31.4)     315.9 (31.4)  
   Private & Medicare    225.5 (22.4)     225.5 (22.4)  
cat1 (%)                                                
   ARF                   450.0 (44.7)     450.0 (44.7)  
   CHF                   100.3 (10.0)     100.3 (10.0)  
   COPD                   43.8 ( 4.4)      43.8 ( 4.4)  
   Cirrhosis              32.5 ( 3.2)      32.5 ( 3.2)  
   Colon Cancer            0.7 ( 0.1)       0.7 ( 0.1)  
   Coma                   56.4 ( 5.6)      56.4 ( 5.6)  
   Lung Cancer             3.3 ( 0.3)       3.3 ( 0.3)  
   MOSF w/Malignancy      79.1 ( 7.9)      79.1 ( 7.9)  
   MOSF w/Sepsis         239.7 (23.8)     239.7 (23.8)  
das2d3pc (mean (SD))     20.57 (5.46)     20.57 (5.02)  
dnr1 = Yes (%)            90.8 ( 9.0)      90.8 ( 9.0)  
ca (%)                                                  
   Metastatic             65.7 ( 6.5)      65.7 ( 6.5)  
   No                    767.4 (76.3)     767.4 (76.3)  
   Yes                   172.7 (17.2)     172.7 (17.2)  
surv2md1 (mean (SD))      0.58 (0.20)      0.58 (0.20)  
aps1 (mean (SD))         56.94 (19.78)    56.94 (19.79) 
scoma1 (mean (SD))       19.57 (29.46)    19.57 (28.78) 
wtkilo1 (mean (SD))      69.80 (26.87)    69.80 (27.65) 
temp1 (mean (SD))        37.63 (1.87)     37.63 (1.74)  
meanbp1 (mean (SD))      74.12 (36.09)    74.12 (36.18) 
resp1 (mean (SD))        28.16 (13.90)    28.16 (14.18) 
hrt1 (mean (SD))        116.54 (42.66)   116.54 (40.48) 
pafi1 (mean (SD))       211.64 (108.24)  211.64 (109.43)
paco21 (mean (SD))       37.76 (11.12)    37.76 (12.09) 
ph1 (mean (SD))           7.39 (0.11)      7.39 (0.11)  
wblc1 (mean (SD))        15.84 (12.07)    15.84 (12.94) 
hema1 (mean (SD))        30.98 (8.17)     30.98 (7.64)  
sod1 (mean (SD))        136.61 (7.82)    136.61 (7.31)  
pot1 (mean (SD))          4.05 (1.04)      4.05 (1.00)  
crea1 (mean (SD))         2.25 (2.30)      2.25 (1.95)  
bili1 (mean (SD))         2.50 (5.37)      2.50 (5.05)  
alb1 (mean (SD))          3.05 (0.70)      3.05 (1.05)  
resp = Yes (%)           347.3 (34.5)     347.3 (34.5)  
card = Yes (%)           378.1 (37.6)     378.1 (37.6)  
neuro = Yes (%)           81.0 ( 8.1)      81.0 ( 8.1)  
gastr = Yes (%)          177.6 (17.7)     177.6 (17.7)  
renal = Yes (%)           58.3 ( 5.8)      58.3 ( 5.8)  
meta = Yes (%)            46.3 ( 4.6)      46.3 ( 4.6)  
hema = Yes (%)            62.9 ( 6.2)      62.9 ( 6.2)  
seps = Yes (%)           208.1 (20.7)     208.1 (20.7)  
trauma = Yes (%)           9.4 ( 0.9)       9.4 ( 0.9)  
ortho = Yes (%)            0.7 ( 0.1)       0.7 ( 0.1)  
cardiohx (mean (SD))      0.20 (0.40)      0.20 (0.40)  
chfhx (mean (SD))         0.20 (0.40)      0.20 (0.40)  
dementhx (mean (SD))      0.08 (0.27)      0.08 (0.27)  
psychhx (mean (SD))       0.06 (0.23)      0.06 (0.23)  
chrpulhx (mean (SD))      0.16 (0.37)      0.16 (0.37)  
renalhx (mean (SD))       0.05 (0.22)      0.05 (0.22)  
liverhx (mean (SD))       0.07 (0.25)      0.07 (0.25)  
gibledhx (mean (SD))      0.03 (0.17)      0.03 (0.17)  
malighx (mean (SD))       0.23 (0.42)      0.23 (0.42)  
immunhx (mean (SD))       0.28 (0.45)      0.28 (0.45)  
transhx (mean (SD))       0.12 (0.33)      0.12 (0.33)  
amihx (mean (SD))         0.03 (0.18)      0.03 (0.18)

Outcome analysis

The final analysis can be conducted using matched and weighted data. The results from the matching and matching weight are similar. The ShowRegTable() function may come in handy.

## Unmatched model (unadjusted)
glmUnmatched <- glm(formula = (death == "Yes") ~ swang1,
                    family  = binomial(link = "logit"),
                    data    = rhc)
## Matched model
glmMatched <- glm(formula = (death == "Yes") ~ swang1,
                  family  = binomial(link = "logit"),
                  data    = rhcMatched)
## Weighted model
glmWeighted <- svyglm(formula = (death == "Yes") ~ swang1,
                      family  = binomial(link = "logit"),
                      design  = rhcSvy)

## Show results together
resTogether <- list(Unmatched = ShowRegTable(glmUnmatched, printToggle = FALSE),
                    Matched   = ShowRegTable(glmMatched, printToggle = FALSE),
                    Weighted  = ShowRegTable(glmWeighted, printToggle = FALSE))
print(resTogether, quote = FALSE)

$Unmatched
            exp(coef) [confint] p     
(Intercept) 1.70 [1.59, 1.82]   <0.001
swang1RHC   1.25 [1.12, 1.40]   <0.001

$Matched
            exp(coef) [confint] p     
(Intercept) 1.78 [1.61, 1.98]   <0.001
swang1RHC   1.26 [1.09, 1.46]    0.002

$Weighted
            exp(coef) [confint] p     
(Intercept) 1.70 [1.55, 1.85]   <0.001
swang1RHC   1.31 [1.14, 1.49]   <0.001

Authored by Kazuki Yoshida
CRAN page: https://cran.r-project.org/package=tableone
github page: https://github.com/kaz-yos/tableone

These binaries (installable software) and packages are in development.
They may not be fully stable and should be used with caution. We make no claims about them.