vis_dat

Let’s see what’s inside the dataset airquality, which contains information about daily air quality measurements in New York from May to September 1973. More information about the dataset can be found with ?airquality.

vis_dat(airquality)

The plot above tells us that R reads this dataset as having numeric and integer values, with some missing data in Ozone and Solar.R. The classes are represented on the legend, and missing data represented by grey. The column/variable names are listed on the x axis.

By default, vis_dat sorts the columns according to the type of the data in the vectors. You can turn this off by setting sort_type = FALSE. This feature is better illustrated using the typical_data dataset, created using wakefield and contained within visdat.

vis_dat(typical_data)

vis_dat(typical_data, 
        sort_type = FALSE)

vis_miss

We can explore the missing data further using vis_miss.

vis_miss(airquality)

Notice that the percentages of missingness are provided in the data. These are accurate to 1 decimal place. vis_miss indicates when there is a very small amount of missing data at <0.1% missingness.

df_test <- data.frame(x1 = 1:10000,
                      x2 = rep("A", 10000),
                      x3 = c(rep(1L, 9999), NA))

vis_miss(df_test)

vis_miss will also indicate when there is no missing data at all.

df_test <- data.frame(x1 = 1:10000,
                      x2 = rep("tidy", 10000),
                      x3 = rep("data", 10000))

vis_miss(df_test)

Columns can be arranged by columns with most missingness, by setting sort_miss = TRUE.

vis_miss(airquality,
         sort_miss = TRUE)

And missingness can be clustered by setting cluster = TRUE

vis_miss(airquality, 
         cluster = TRUE)

To further explore the missingness structure in a dataset, I recommend the naniar package, which provides more general tools for graphical and numerical exploration of missing values.

vis_compare

Sometimes you want to see what has changed in your data. vis_compare() displays the differences in two dataframes of the same size. Let’s look at an example.

Let’s make some changes to the chickwts, and compare this new dataset.

set.seed(2019-04-03-1107)
chickwts_diff <- chickwts
chickwts_diff[sample(1:nrow(chickwts), 30),sample(1:ncol(chickwts), 2)] <- NA

vis_compare(chickwts_diff, chickwts)

Here the differences are marked in blue.

If you try and compare differences when the dimensions are different, you get an ugly error.

chickwts_diff_2 <- chickwts
chickwts_diff_2$new_col <- chickwts_diff_2$weight*2

vis_compare(chickwts, chickwts_diff_2)
# Error in vis_compare(chickwts, chickwts_diff_2) : 
#   Dimensions of df1 and df2 are not the same. vis_compare requires dataframes of identical dimensions.

vis_expect

vis_expect visualises certain conditions or values in your data. For example, If you are not sure whether to expect values greater than 25 in your data (airquality), you could write: vis_expect(airquality, ~.x >= 25), and you can see if there are times where the values in your data are greater than or equal to 25.

vis_expect(airquality, ~.x >= 25)

This shows the proportion of times that there are values greater than 25, as well as the missings.

You could also, for example, explore a set of bad strings, or possible NA values and visualise where they are using vis_expect(data, ~.x %in% bad_strings) where bad_strings is a character vector containing bad strings like N A, N/A etc.

bad_data <- data.frame(x = c(rnorm(100), rep("N/A", 10)),
                       y = c(rep("N A ", 30), rnorm(80)))

vis_expect(bad_data, ~.x %in% c("N/A", "N A "))

vis_cor

To make it easy to plot correlations of your data, use vis_cor:

vis_cor(airquality)

Under the hood, vis_cor is powered by the cor function in base R, and takes a character string indicating which correlation coefficient (or covariance) is to be computed. One of “pearson” (default), “kendall”, or “spearman”.

vis_cor(airquality, cor_method = "spearman")

You can also specify what to do for the missing data using the na_action function, which again borrows from the cor methods. This can be “everything”, “all.obs”, “complete.obs”, “na.or.complete”, or “pairwise.complete.obs” (default), e.g.:

vis_cor(airquality,
        na_action = "complete.obs")

vis_value

vis_value() visualises the values of your data on a 0 to 1 scale.

vis_value(airquality)

It only works on numeric data:

vis_value(iris)

data input can only contain numeric values, please subset the data to the numeric values you would like. dplyr::select_if(data, is.numeric) can be helpful here!

So you might need to subset the data beforehand like so:

iris %>%
  select_if(is.numeric) %>%
  vis_value()

It can be useful to arrange your data before using vis_value to explore possible relationships in the data:

airquality %>%
  arrange(Wind) %>%
  vis_value()

vis_binary

vis_binary() visualises the occurrence of binary values in your data. It is similar to vis_value() except it just focusses on values that are NA, 0, and 1.

vis_binary(dat_bin)

vis_guess

vis_guess() takes a guess at what each cell is. It’s best illustrated using some messy data, which we’ll make here.

messy_vector <- c(TRUE,
                  T,
                  "TRUE",
                  "T",
                  "01/01/01",
                  "01/01/2001",
                  NA,
                  NaN,
                  "NA",
                  "Na",
                  "na",
                  "10",
                  10,
                  "10.1",
                  10.1,
                  "abc",
                  "$%TG")

set.seed(1114)
messy_df <- data.frame(var1 = messy_vector,
                       var2 = sample(messy_vector),
                       var3 = sample(messy_vector))

vis_guess(messy_df)
vis_dat(messy_df)

So here we see that there are many different kinds of data in your dataframe. As an analyst this might be a depressing finding. We can see this comparison above.

Here, you might just assume your data is weird because it’s all factors - or worse, not notice that this is a problem.

At the moment vis_guess is very slow. Please take this into consideration when you are using it on data with more than 1000 rows. We’re looking into ways of making it faster, potentially using methods from the parallel package, or extending the c++ code from readr:::collectorGuess.

Interactivity

You can make the plots in visdat by wrapping them in plotly::ggplotly:

library(plotly)
ggplotly(vis_dat(airquality))
ggplotly(vis_miss(airquality))
ggplotly(vis_guess(airquality))

In the future these will have their own functions, written in plotly with nice standardised on-hover behaviour. If you would like to see how these work, please see the development version on GitHub.

Future work

Future work from here is focussed on making visdat more stable, improving the speed of plotting, and adding interactive versions for each function.