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Biber UTF-8 ↔ LaTeX macro decoding/encoding map

If you are using PDFTeX as opposed to a native UTF-8 engine like XeTeX or LuaTeX, you will have to load some extra packages to use macros in this section. See the "symbols" document that comes with TeXLive for a comprehensive list of symbols and the packages you need for PDFTeX (run "texdoc symbols" to see this document on a TeXLive system).

Key

Excluded from encoding (ignore LaTeX special chars)

Character
"
#
$
%
&
'
*
<
=
>
[
]
\
^
_
`
g
{
|
}
~
 
£
±

letters (sets: base,full)

MacroUnicode characterUnicode hex value
\AA ÅC5
\AE ÆC6
\DH ÐD0
\O ØD8
\Thorn ÞDE
\TH ÞDE
\ss ßDF
\aa åE5
\ae æE6
\dh ðF0
\o øF8
\textthorn þFE
\textthornvari þFE
\textthornvarii þFE
\textthornvariii þFE
\textthornvariv þFE
\th þFE
\DJ Đ110
\dj đ111
\textcrd đ111
\textHbar Ħ126
\textcrh ħ127
\texthbar ħ127
\i ı131
\j ȷ237
\IJ IJ132
\ij ij133
\textkra ĸ138
\L Ł141
\textbarl ł142
\l ł142
\NG Ŋ14A
\ng ŋ14B
\OE Œ152
\oe œ153
\textTbar Ŧ166
\textTstroke Ŧ166
\texttbar ŧ167
\texttstroke ŧ167
\textcrb ƀ180
\textBhook Ɓ181
\textOopen Ɔ186
\textChook Ƈ187
\textchook ƈ188
\texthtc ƈ188
\textDafrican Ɖ189
\textDhook Ɗ18A
\textEreversed Ǝ18E
\textEopen Ɛ190
\textFhook Ƒ191
\textflorin ƒ192
\textGammaafrican Ɣ194
\texthvlig ƕ195
\hv ƕ195
\textIotaafrican Ɩ196
\textKhook Ƙ198
\textkhook ƙ199
\texthtk ƙ199
\textcrlambda ƛ19B
\textNhookleft Ɲ19D
\OHORN Ơ1A0
\ohorn ơ1A1
\textPhook Ƥ1A4
\textphook ƥ1A5
\texthtp ƥ1A5
\textEsh Ʃ1A9
\ESH Ʃ1A9
\textlooptoprevesh ƪ1AA
\textpalhookbelow ƫ1AB
\textThook Ƭ1AC
\textthook ƭ1AD
\texthtt ƭ1AD
\textTretroflexhook Ʈ1AE
\UHORN Ư1AF
\uhorn ư1B0
\textVhook Ʋ1B2
\textYhook Ƴ1B3
\textyhook ƴ1B4
\textEzh Ʒ1B7
\texteturned ǝ1DD
\textturna ɐ250
\textscripta ɑ251
\textturnscripta ɒ252
\textbhook ɓ253
\texthtb ɓ253
\textoopen ɔ254
\textopeno ɔ254
\textctc ɕ255
\textdtail ɖ256
\textrtaild ɖ256
\textdhook ɗ257
\texthtd ɗ257
\textreve ɘ258
\textschwa ə259
\textrhookschwa ɚ25A
\texteopen ɛ25B
\textepsilon ɛ25B
\textrevepsilon ɜ25C
\textrhookrevepsilon ɝ25D
\textcloserevepsilon ɞ25E
\textbardotlessj ɟ25F
\texthtg ɠ260
\textscriptg ɡ261
\textscg ɢ262
\textgammalatinsmall ɣ263
\textgamma ɣ263
\textramshorns ɤ264
\textturnh ɥ265
\texthth ɦ266
\texththeng ɧ267
\textbari ɨ268
\textiotalatin ɩ269
\textiota ɩ269
\textsci ɪ26A
\textltilde ɫ26B
\textbeltl ɬ26C
\textrtaill ɭ26D
\textlyoghlig ɮ26E
\textturnm ɯ26F
\textturnmrleg ɰ270
\textltailm ɱ271
\textltailn ɲ272
\textnhookleft ɲ272
\textrtailn ɳ273
\textscn ɴ274
\textbaro ɵ275
\textscoelig ɶ276
\textcloseomega ɷ277
\textphi ɸ278
\textturnr ɹ279
\textturnlonglegr ɺ27A
\textturnrrtail ɻ27B
\textlonglegr ɼ27C
\textrtailr ɽ27D
\textfishhookr ɾ27E
\textlhti ɿ27F
\textscr ʀ280
\textinvscr ʁ281
\textrtails ʂ282
\textesh ʃ283
\texthtbardotlessj ʄ284
\textraisevibyi ʅ285
\textctesh ʆ286
\textturnt ʇ287
\textrtailt ʈ288
\texttretroflexhook ʈ288
\textbaru ʉ289
\textupsilon ʊ28A
\textscriptv ʋ28B
\textvhook ʋ28B
\textturnv ʌ28C
\textturnw ʍ28D
\textturny ʎ28E
\textscy ʏ28F
\textrtailz ʐ290
\textctz ʑ291
\textezh ʒ292
\textyogh ʒ292
\textctyogh ʓ293
\textglotstop ʔ294
\textrevglotstop ʕ295
\textinvglotstop ʖ296
\textstretchc ʗ297
\textbullseye ʘ298
\textscb ʙ299
\textcloseepsilon ʚ29A
\texthtscg ʛ29B
\textsch ʜ29C
\textctj ʝ29D
\textturnk ʞ29E
\textscl ʟ29F
\texthtq ʠ2A0
\textbarglotstop ʡ2A1
\textbarrevglotstop ʢ2A2
\textdzlig ʣ2A3
\textdyoghlig ʤ2A4
\textdctzlig ʥ2A5
\texttslig ʦ2A6
\textteshlig ʧ2A7
\texttesh ʧ2A7
\texttctclig ʨ2A8
\hamza ʾ2BE
\ain ʿ2BF
\ayn ʿ2BF
\textprimstress ˈ2C8
\textlengthmark ː2D0

diacritics (sets: base,full)

MacroUnicode characterUnicode hex value
\` ̀300
\' ́301
\^ ̂302
\~ ̃303
\= ̄304
\u ̆306
\. ̇307
\" ̈308
\h ̉309
\r ̊30A
\H ̋30B
\v ̌30C
\| ̍30D
\U ̎30E
\G ̏30F
\M ̢322
\d ̣323
\c ̧327
\k ̨328
\b ̱331
\B ̵335
\t ̑311
\textvbaraccent ̍30D
\textdoublevbaraccent ̎30E
\textdotbreve ̐310
\textturncommaabove ̒312
\textcommaabove ̓313
\textrevcommaabove ̔314
\textcommaabover ̕315
\textsubgrave ̖316
\textsubacute ̗317
\textadvancing ̘318
\textretracting ̙319
\textlangleabove ̚31A
\textrighthorn ̛31B
\textsublhalfring ̜31C
\textraising ̝31D
\textlowering ̞31E
\textsubplus ̟31F
\textsubbar ̠320
\textsubminus ̠320
\textpalhookbelow ̡321
\textsubumlaut ̤324
\textsubring ̥325
\textcommabelow ̦326
\textsyllabic ̩329
\textsubbridge ̪32A
\textsubw ̫32B
\textsubwedge ̬32C
\textsubcircnum ̭32D
\textsubbreve ̮32E
\textundertie ̮32E
\textsubarch ̯32F
\textsubtilde ̰330
\subdoublebar ̳333
\textsuperimposetilde ̴334
\textlstrokethru ̶336
\textsstrikethru ̷337
\textlstrikethru ̸338
\textsubrhalfring ̹339
\textinvsubbridge ̺33A
\textsubsquare ̻33B
\textseagull ̼33C
\textovercross ̽33D
\overbridge ͆346
\subdoublebar ͇347
\subdoublevert ͈348
\subcorner ͉349
\crtilde ͊34A
\textoverw ͊34A
\dottedtilde ͋34B
\doubletilde ͌34C
\spreadlips ͍34D
\whistle ͎34E
\textrightarrowhead ͐350
\textlefthalfring ͑351
\sublptr ͔354
\subrptr ͕355
\textrightuparrowhead ͖356
\textrighthalfring ͗357
\textdoublebreve ͝35D
\textdoublemacron ͞35E
\textdoublemacronbelow ͟35F
\textdoubletilde ͠360
\texttoptiebar ͡361
\sliding ͢362

punctuation (sets: base,full)

MacroUnicode characterUnicode hex value
\- ‐2010
\- ‑2011
\textendash ‒2012
\-- ‒2012
\textendash –2013
\-- –2013
\textemdash —2014
\--- —2014
\textquoteleft ‘2018
\textquoteright ’2019
\quotesinglbase ‚201A
\textquotedblleft “201C
\textquotedblright ”201D
\quotedblbase „201E
\dag †2020
\ddag ‡2021
\textbullet •2022
\dots …2026
\textperthousand ‰2030
\textpertenthousand ‱2031
\guilsinglleft ‹2039
\guilsinglright ›203A
\textreferencemark ※203B
\textinterrobang ‽203D
\textoverline ‾203E
\langle ⟨27E8
\rangle ⟩27E9

symbols (sets: base,full)

MacroUnicode characterUnicode hex value
\textquotedbl "22
\textdollar $24
\textpercent %25
\textampersand &26
\textquotesingle '27
\textasteriskcentered *2A
\textless <3C
\textequals =3D
\textgreater >3E
\textasciicircum ^5E
\textasciigrave `60
\textbraceleft {7B
\textbar |7C
\textbraceright }7D
\textasciitilde ~7E
\nobreakspace  A0
\textexclamdown ¡A1
\textcent ¢A2
\textsterling £A3
\pounds £A3
\textcurrency ¤A4
\textyen ¥A5
\textbrokenbar ¦A6
\textsection §A7
\S §A7
\textasciidieresis ¨A8
\textcopyright ©A9
\copyright ©A9
\textordfeminine ªAA
\guillemotleft «AB
\textminus −2212
\textregistered ®AE
\textasciimacron ¯AF
\textdegree °B0
\texttwosuperior ²B2
\textthreesuperior ³B3
\textasciiacute ´B4
\textparagraph ¶B6
\P ¶B6
\textcentereddot ·B7
\textperiodcentered ·B7
\textasciicedilla ¸B8
\textonesuperior ¹B9
\textordmasculine ºBA
\guillemotright »BB
\textonequarter ¼BC
\textonehalf ½BD
\textthreequarters ¾BE
\textquestiondown ¿BF

symbols (sets: full)

MacroUnicode characterUnicode hex value
\textg g67
\textdiv ÷F7
\div ÷F7
\texttimes ×D7
\times ×D7
\textmu µB5
\mu µB5
\textpm ±B1
\pm ±B1
\textlogicalnot ¬AC
\lnot ¬AC
\textcolonmonetary ₡20A1
\textlira ₤20A4
\textnaira ₦20A6
\textwon ₩20A9
\textdong ₫20AB
\euro €20AC
\texteuro €20AC
\textnumero №2116
\texttrademark ™2122
\leftarrow ←2190
\uparrow ↑2191
\rightarrow →2192
\downarrow ↓2193
\leftrightarrow ↔2194
\updownarrow ↕2195
\leadsto ↝219D
\rightleftharpoons ⇌21CC
\Rightarrow ⇒21D2
\Leftrightarrow ⇔21D4
\forall ∀2200
\complement ∁2201
\partial ∂2202
\exists ∃2203
\nexists ∄2204
\set ∅2205
\Delta ∆2206
\nabla ∇2207
\in ∈2208
\notin ∉2209
\ni ∋220B
\prod ∏220F
\coprod ∐2210
\sum ∑2211
\mp ∓2213
\dotplus ∔2214
\setminus ∖2216
\ast ∗2217
\circ ∘2218
\bullet ∙2219
\surd √221A
\propto ∝221D
\infty ∞221E
\angle ∠2220
\measuredangle ∡2221
\sphericalangle ∢2222
\mid ∣2223
\nmid ∤2224
\parallel ∥2225
\nparallel ∦2226
\wedge ∧2227
\vee ∨2228
\cap ∩2229
\cup ∪222A
\int ∫222B
\iint ∬222C
\iiint ∭222D
\oint ∮222E
\therefore ∴2234
\because ∵2235
\sim ∼223C
\backsim ∽223D
\wr ≀2240
\nsim ≁2241
\simeq ≃2243
\cong ≅2245
\ncong ≇2247
\approx ≈2248
\approxeq ≊224A
\asymp ≍224D
\Bumpeq ≎224E
\bumpeq ≏224F
\doteq ≐2250
\doteqdot ≑2251
\fallingdotseq ≒2252
\risingdotseq ≓2253
\eqcirc ≖2256
\circeq ≗2257
\triangleq ≜225C
\neq ≠2260
\equiv ≡2261
\leq ≤2264
\geq ≥2265
\leqq ≦2266
\geqq ≧2267
\lneqq ≨2268
\gneqq ≩2269
\ll ≪226A
\gg ≫226B
\between ≬226C
\nless ≮226E
\ngtr ≯226F
\nleq ≰2270
\ngeq ≱2271
\lesssim ≲2272
\gtrsim ≳2273
\lessgtr ≶2276
\gtrless ≷2277
\prec ≺227A
\succ ≻227B
\preccurlyeq ≼227C
\succcurlyeq ≽227D
\precsim ≾227E
\succsim ≿227F
\nprec ⊀2280
\nsucc ⊁2281
\subset ⊂2282
\supset ⊃2283
\subseteq ⊆2286
\supseteq ⊇2287
\nsubseteq ⊈2288
\nsupseteq ⊉2289
\subsetneq ⊊228A
\supsetneq ⊋228B
\uplus ⊎228E
\sqsubset ⊏228F
\sqsupset ⊐2290
\sqsubseteq ⊑2291
\sqsupseteq ⊒2292
\sqcap ⊓2293
\sqcup ⊔2294
\oplus ⊕2295
\ominus ⊖2296
\otimes ⊗2297
\oslash ⊘2298
\odot ⊙2299
\circledcirc ⊚229A
\circledast ⊛229B
\circleddash ⊝229D
\boxplus ⊞229E
\boxminus ⊟229F
\boxtimes ⊠22A0
\boxdot ⊡22A1
\vdash ⊢22A2
\dashv ⊣22A3
\top ⊤22A4
\bot ⊥22A5
\Vdash ⊩22A9
\Vvdash ⊪22AA
\nVdash ⊮22AE
\lhd ⊲22B2
\rhd ⊳22B3
\unlhd ⊴22B4
\unrhd ⊵22B5
\multimap ⊸22B8
\intercal ⊺22BA
\veebar ⊻22BB
\barwedge ⊼22BC
\bigwedge ⋀22C0
\bigvee ⋁22C1
\bigcap ⋂22C2
\bigcup ⋃22C3
\diamond ⋄22C4
\cdot ⋅22C5
\star ⋆22C6
\divideontimes ⋇22C7
\bowtie ⋈22C8
\ltimes ⋉22C9
\rtimes ⋊22CA
\leftthreetimes ⋋22CB
\rightthreetimes ⋌22CC
\backsimeq ⋍22CD
\curlyvee ⋎22CE
\curlywedge ⋏22CF
\Subset ⋐22D0
\Supset ⋑22D1
\Cap ⋒22D2
\Cup ⋓22D3
\pitchfork ⋔22D4
\lessdot ⋖22D6
\gtrdot ⋗22D7
\lll ⋘22D8
\ggg ⋙22D9
\lesseqgtr ⋚22DA
\gtreqless ⋛22DB
\curlyeqprec ⋞22DE
\curlyeqsucc ⋟22DF
\lnsim ⋦22E6
\gnsim ⋧22E7
\precnsim ⋨22E8
\succnsim ⋩22E9
\ntriangleleft ⋪22EA
\ntriangleright ⋫22EB
\ntrianglelefteq ⋬22EC
\ntrianglerighteq ⋭22ED
\vdots ⋮22EE
\cdots ⋯22EF
\ddots ⋱22F1
\lceil ⌈2308
\rceil ⌉2309
\lfloor ⌊230A
\rfloor ⌋230B
\Box □25A1
\spadesuit ♠2660
\heartsuit ♡2661
\diamondsuit ♢2662
\clubsuit ♣2663
\flat ♭266D
\natural ♮266E
\sharp ♯266F
\tone5 ˥2E5
\tone4 ˦2E6
\tone3 ˧2E7
\tone2 ˨2E8
\tone1 ˩2E9

negatedsymbols (sets: full)

MacroUnicode characterUnicode hex value
\asymp ≭226D
\lesssim ≴2274
\gtrsim ≵2275
\subset ⊄2284
\supset ⊅2285
\ni ∌220C
\simeq ≄2244
\approx ≉2249
\equiv ≢2262
\preccurlyeq ⋠22E0
\succcurlyeq ⋡22E1
\sqsubseteq ⋢22E2
\sqsupseteq ⋣22E3

superscripts (sets: full)

MacroUnicode characterUnicode hex value
\0 ⁰2070
\i ⁱ2071
\4 ⁴2074
\5 ⁵2075
\6 ⁶2076
\7 ⁷2077
\8 ⁸2078
\9 ⁹2079
\+ ⁺207A
\- ⁻207B
\= ⁼207C
\( ⁽207D
\) ⁾207E
\n ⁿ207F
\SM ℠2120
\h ʰ2B0
\j ʲ2B2
\r ʳ2B3
\w ʷ2B7
\y ʸ2B8

cmdsuperscripts (sets: full)

MacroUnicode characterUnicode hex value
\texthth ʱ2B1
\textturnr ʴ2B4
\textturnrrtail ʵ2B5
\textinvscr ʶ2B6

dings (sets: full)

MacroUnicode characterUnicode hex value
\21 ✁2701
\22 ✂2702
\23 ✃2703
\24 ✄2704
\25 ☎260E
\26 ✆2706
\27 ✇2707
\28 ✈2708
\29 ✉2709
\2A ☛261B
\2B ☞261E
\2C ✌270C
\2D ✍270D
\2E ✎270E
\2F ✏270F
\30 ✐2710
\31 ✑2711
\32 ✒2712
\33 ✓2713
\34 ✔2714
\35 ✕2715
\36 ✖2716
\37 ✗2717
\38 ✘2718
\39 ✙2719
\3A ✚271A
\3B ✛271B
\3C ✜271C
\3D ✝271D
\3E ✞271E
\3F ✟271F
\40 ✠2720
\41 ✡2721
\42 ✢2722
\43 ✣2723
\44 ✤2724
\45 ✥2725
\46 ✦2726
\47 ✧2727
\48 ★2605
\49 ✩2729
\4A ✪272A
\4B ✫272B
\4C ✬272C
\4D ✭272D
\4E ✮272E
\4F ✯272F
\50 ✰2730
\51 ✱2731
\52 ✲2732
\53 ✳2733
\54 ✴2734
\55 ✵2735
\56 ✶2736
\57 ✷2737
\58 ✸2738
\59 ✹2739
\5A ✺273A
\5B ✻273B
\5C ✼273C
\5D ✽273D
\5E ✾273E
\5F ✿273F
\60 ❀2740
\61 ❁2741
\62 ❂2742
\63 ❃2743
\64 ❄2744
\65 ❅2745
\66 ❆2746
\67 ❇2747
\68 ❈2748
\69 ❉2749
\6A ❊274A
\6B ❋274B
\6C ●25CF
\6D ❍274D
\6E ■25A0
\6F ❏274F
\70 ❐2750
\71 ❑2751
\72 ❒2752
\73 ▲25B2
\74 ▼25BC
\75 ◆25C6
\76 ❖2756
\77 ◗25D7
\78 ❘2758
\79 ❙2759
\7A ❚275A
\7B ❛275B
\7C ❜275C
\7D ❝275D
\7E ❞275E
\A1 ❡2761
\A2 ❢2762
\A3 ❣2763
\A4 ❤2764
\A5 ❥2765
\A6 ❦2766
\A7 ❧2767
\A9 ♦2666
\AA ♥2665
\AC ①2460
\AD ②2461
\AE ③2462
\AF ④2463
\B0 ⑤2464
\B1 ⑥2465
\B2 ⑦2466
\B3 ⑧2467
\B4 ⑨2468
\B5 ⑩2469
\B6 ❶2776
\B7 ❷2777
\B8 ❸2778
\B9 ❹2779
\BA ❺277A
\BB ❻277B
\BC ❼277C
\BD ❽277D
\BE ❾277E
\BF ❿277F
\C0 ➀2780
\C1 ➁2781
\C2 ➂2782
\C3 ➃2783
\C4 ➄2784
\C5 ➅2785
\C6 ➆2786
\C7 ➇2787
\C8 ➈2788
\C9 ➉2789
\CA ➊278A
\CB ➋278B
\CC ➌278C
\CD ➍278D
\CE ➎278E
\CF ➏278F
\D0 ➐2790
\D1 ➑2791
\D2 ➒2792
\D3 ➓2793
\D4 ➔2794
\D6 ↔2194
\D7 ↕2195
\D8 ➘2798
\D9 ➙2799
\DA ➚279A
\DB ➛279B
\DC ➜279C
\DD ➝279D
\DE ➞279E
\DF ➟279F
\E0 ➠27A0
\E1 ➡27A1
\E2 ➢27A2
\E3 ➣27A3
\E4 ➤27A4
\E5 ➥27A5
\E6 ➦27A6
\E7 ➧27A7
\E8 ➨27A8
\E9 ➩27A9
\EA ➪27AA
\EB ➫27AB
\EC ➬27AC
\ED ➭27AD
\EE ➮27AE
\EF ➯27AF
\F1 ➱27B1
\F2 ➲27B2
\F3 ➳27B3
\F4 ➴27B4
\F5 ➵27B5
\F6 ➶27B6
\F7 ➷27B7
\F8 ➸27B8
\F9 ➹27B9
\FA ➺27BA
\FB ➻27BB
\FC ➼27BC
\FD ➽27BD
\FE ➾27BE

greek (sets: full)

MacroUnicode characterUnicode hex value
\alpha α3B1
\beta β3B2
\gamma γ3B3
\delta δ3B4
\varepsilon ε3B5
\zeta ζ3B6
\eta η3B7
\vartheta θ3B8
\iota ι3B9
\kappa κ3BA
\lambda λ3BB
\mu μ3BC
\nu ν3BD
\xi ξ3BE
\omicron ο3BF
\pi π3C0
\varrho ρ3C1
\varsigma ς3C2
\sigma σ3C3
\tau τ3C4
\upsilon υ3C5
\varphi φ3C6
\chi χ3C7
\psi ψ3C8
\omega ω3C9
\Alpha Α391
\Beta Β392
\Gamma Γ393
\Delta Δ394
\Epsilon Ε395
\Zeta Ζ396
\Eta Η397
\Theta Θ398
\Iota Ι399
\Kappa Κ39A
\Lambda Λ39B
\Mu Μ39C
\Nu Ν39D
\Xi Ξ39E
\Omicron Ο39F
\Pi Π3A0
\Rho Ρ3A1
\Sigma Σ3A3
\Tau Τ3A4
\Upsilon Υ3A5
\Phi Φ3A6
\Chi Χ3A7
\Psi Ψ3A8
\Omega Ω3A9

These binaries (installable software) and packages are in development.
They may not be fully stable and should be used with caution. We make no claims about them.