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dvi2bitmap – convert DVI files to bitmap images
This application processes a DVI file produced by
TeX, converting each page to a single bitmap. The conversion is done
directly, rather than through a chain of intermediate file formats,
making the process extremely fast. It can produce output as XBM, XPM,
GIF and PNG files.
dvi2bitmap converts the typeset output of TeX into a bitmap image.
The most common use-case is to convert
TeX or LaTeX mathematics to HTML. It is possible to do this with a chain of
general-purpose tools, for example going from DVI to postscript to PNM
files to GIFs, but this is generally slow. For an overview of maths
and SGML/HTML, see A Maths and SGML/HTML.
The tool dvi2bitmap does this processing in a single step,
reading the DVI file and font files, and emitting a bitmap.
It can, at present, generate XBM, XPM, GIF and, if the
relevant library is installed, PNG files.
See 2 Usage for usage instructions, and
for installation instructions.
The dvi2bitmap application is available for download at
http://purl.org/nxg/dist/dvi2bitmap.
This document matches version 1.0 of the program (you can
see what version you have with the command dvi2bitmap
-V). This should currently be regarded as beta
software.
Synopsis:
dvi2bitmap [flags] dvi-file
This program is intended to conform to the DVI processing
standard.
The dvi-file argument is the name of a DVI file to be
converted to a bitmap. dvi2bitmap looks for the file both with and
without the default extension .dvi.
You may also read the DVI file from the standard input by
giving the DVI file as "-", thus
cat myfile.dvi | dvi2bitmap -
is an alternative way of reading the file (rather pointless in this
case, but it shows the principle; see 3.2 Using dvi2bitmap in a pipe
for further discussion).
For more arcane purposes, the DVI file may also be specified as
<osfile>dvi-file
(which is entirely equivalent), or
<osfd>integer, where the given integer specifies an
open file descriptor; specifying "-" as the input file is
equivalent to <osfd>0
The motivation for this program was the need for a helper program
to produce small bitmaps for inclusion in web pages. Accordingly, the
program's underlying usage model is that one would generate a file of
TeX or LaTeX material, convert it to a DVI file using TeX, and
convert the result to a collection of bitmap files. The input
text will typically be equations, but any other TeX material
will work as well. For example, the processor which generates
the HTML could spit out a file such as
\documentclass{article}
\pagestyle{empty}
\begin{document}
$E=mc^2$
\newpage
% etc...
\end{document}
and then this program can scoot through it turning each page
into a bitmap. I had thought about some complicated scheme to
delimit areas on the page, but realised that since the file
being processed would typically be generated on the fly
specifically for processing by a tool like this, this wasn't
really necessary. See 6 Bugs, extras, and further developments for a script
which can help with this.
I hope that the program is (or can be made to be) flexible
enough to support other modes of use.
Various of the options below have common syntax features.
[keyword-value-list]-
This
indicates a sequence of keyword=value pairs,
separated by commas. Not all keywords necessarily have a
value.
[boolean]This can be `yes', `true' or `on' indicating
true; or `no', `false' or `off' indicating
false.
The options are as follows:
-c, --crop=[keyword-value-pairs]-
The --crop option allows you to control
how the generated bitmaps are cropped before they are
written. The keywords are `left', `right', `top',
`bottom' and `all', and the value in each case is the
number of pixels to leave as a margin. If the keywords
`relative' (default) or `absolute' are present, they refer
to all of the keywords following: if the crop is specified
as `relative', then the values specify the number of
pixels to leave around the blackened pixels of the text;
if the crop is `absolute', then it specifies the position
of the crop (in pixels) from the left or top edge of the
`page'. The specification
----crop=absolute,all=dimen, which would set
all the crops to the same position, is silly, and so is
forbidden.
The conversion from points to pixels takes account of
the magnification set in the
--magnification option, if that's been
specified already, but it doesn't notice if that's set
after this option, and it takes no account of any
magnification in the DVI file.
See 2.2 DVI specials for TeX
\special commands which set this within
the TeX file.
See below for TeX \special commands
which set this within the TeX file.
-
-F, --font-search=[keyword-value-list]
-
Specifies how dvi2bitmap is to find
the fonts it needs. Keywords are as follows:
path[=list]: use the given list of
filesystem paths to search for PK fonts, or enable
using the default path, if =path is
missing. The default path is given by the environment
variable DVI2BITMAP_PK_PATH. See also
the discussion of font searching below.
kpathsea: enable using the
kpathsea library to find fonts. If the
program was not built against the
kpathsea library, this option has no
effect.
command[=script]: enable using the given
script to find fonts. If the argument is missing,
this enables using the script configured into the
program at compile-time. This script is any program
which will search the filesystem and produce a single
line on output, giving the full path to the specified
font. For example, this might be given as
kpsewhich pk %f.%dpk to run the
kpsewhich program. The command name is a
font-string template, as described 2.5.4 Font-string templates.
If the program does not find a font using whichever
methods have been enabled then, following the pattern
of dvips and other DVIware, it writes a
file missfont.log in the current
directory, containing commands which you can use to
generate the fonts immediately or later.
none: disable all font-searching. The
result is that only the missfont.log file
is written.
Each of the keywords can be prefixed by `no' to turn
off the corresponding option -- thus
--font-search=nopath,nokpathsea,nocommand
has the same effect as
--font-search=none.
-
-G, --font-gen=[boolean], --font-gen=command[=script]
-
Switch automatic generation of fonts off and on. If
--font-gen=command is given, then the
command specified at compile time is used to generate
fonts. If, further, a font-generation script is
specified, then it will be used instead of the
default. The specified script is a font-string
template, as described below. The default for
automatic font generation is set at compile time.
-g, --debug=[spec]-
Switch on debugging. The [spec] is a
list of letters indicating what to debug, as follows.
You may trace bitmap generation (`b'), DVI file parsing
(`d'), input (`i'), the main program (`m'), PK file
searching and parsing (`p'), font rasterdata parsing
(`r'), or various utility functions (`u', though this is
actually only useful for the maintainer). If kpathsea
is compiled in, then debugging PK files switches on
kpathsea debugging also. Adding an extra `g' at the
beginning of the spec increases
still further the amount of debugging code. The
debugging information may be uninformative or
unintelligible; it might even crash the program (mention
that to me).
-h, --height=size; -w, --width=size-
Specify the height and width of the canvas on which
the output bitmap is painted. The program tries to
make an estimate of this based on information within
the DVI file, but it can't efficiently get all the
information it needs, so sometimes the estimate is
wrong. If you get a warning message like
Warning: p.12: bitmap too big: occupies
(1183,1072)...(4134,6255). Requested 4100x6200
then you'll need to specify a bitmap size. The
numbers (1183,1072)...(4134,6255) are the
coordinates of the top-left and bottom-right of the
bitmap: in this case --height=6300
--width=4200 would suffice. At some point, I'd
like to make the bitmap `expandable', obviating the
need for these options.
--help-
Display outline help for the options on stderr, and
exit
-l, --end-page-
See option --start-page
-M,
--font-mode=[mode]-
Set the MetaFont mode which is used for generating
font files. The default is ibmvga. If
you set this, you will probably have to set the
resolution to a consistent number.
-m, --magnification=[number]-
The TeX magnification parameter which is used when
processing the DVI file. It is a float, with 1.0
corresponding to no magnification (the default). This
interacts with the resolution as follows: if you
specify a resolution of 100, and a magnification of 2,
then dvi2bitmap will search for PK files
at 200 dpi.
-n, --nodvi-
Do not actually process the DVI file, but read the
DVI pre- and postamble. Useful in conjunction with
the --query options. If this option is
present, then the program returns non-zero if any
fonts were missing (see also 2.3 Exit value).
The -n is for brevity and consistency
with other tools -- the behaviour can be alternatively
specified as --process=nodvi
-o,
--output=[filename-pattern]-
Choose the output filename pattern. The value is a
`printf' formatting string, with a single
%d formatting descriptor, which will be
replaced in output filenames with the page number. If
there is no such descriptor, the filename `pattern' is
used as-is for the first filename output, after which
the program reverts to the default filename pattern.
The filename pattern can be overridden on a per-page
basis by a TeX \special embedded in the
DVI file (see in 2.2 DVI specials). If there is no file extension,
or if it does not match the output type, a suitable
file extension will be added.
--pipe-
Indicates that the dvi-file argument is a
non-seekable file, such as a named or unnamed pipe.
This is automatically the case if you specify the DVI
file as stdin, "-".
-
-p, --start-page=num,
-l, --end-page=num,
-P, --page-range=[spec]
-
These select page ranges, using a slight extension of
the notation used by dvips (and the same
option letters, except that dvips uses
-pp instead of -P).
The --start-page=snum and
--end-page=enum options take single page
numbers; if either of these is given, then the program
will process pages from page snum to page
enum, with the defaults being the
corresponding extremes. The [spec]
consists of a comma-separated sequence of page numbers
and ranges (a-b); only those pages, and
the pages falling in those ranges (inclusive of the
end pages) are processed. Any of these specifications
may be prefixed by either = or
:n:. In the former case, DVI page
numbers are used rather than the TeX
\count
register; in the latter
case, the program examines the
\count
register rather than the
default \count
You can specify both of these prefixes one or more
times, but you cannot mix the
--start-page and --end-page
options with the --page-range option.
The program will respect only the last
--start-page and --end-page
options, but the --page-range options are
cumulative. There may be no spaces in the
pagelist. The page numbers may be
negative.
Examples:
dvi2bitmap --page-range=3,6-10 ...
process only the specified pages
dvi2bitmap --page-range=:2:1 ...
process only pages where \count2 was 1.
-Q,
--query=[keyword-list]-
Query various things. The available possibilities
are as given below. The results of each of the
queries is printed on a line by itself, prefixed by a
`Q', the keyword and a space, so that, for example,
each of the lines produced by the
--query=missing-fonts option would start
Qmissing-fonts cmbx10 110 ...
Some of these options
(--query=missing-fonts and
--query=missing-fontgen) are probably
most useful with the -n or
--process=options options, to investigate
a DVI file before processing. Others
(--query=types and
--query=paper) are probably useful only
with --process=options. The option
--query=bitmaps is only useful if you do
actually generate bitmaps. For consistency (and so
you don't have to remember which ones do which), the
appropriate --process option is
not implied in any of them, and you have to
give it explicitly.
--query=bitmaps-
Prints on stdout a line for each bitmap it generates,
giving the filename, horizontal size, and vertical
size, in pixels. This also reports the position of
any `mark' in the bitmap -- see .
-Qf, --query=missing-fonts-
Show missing fonts. The program writes on standard
output one line per missing font, starting with
Qf or Qmissing-fonts
(depending on which of the variants was given -- the
shorter ones are less mnemonic, but more convenient to
parse in scripts), then five fields: the font name,
the DPI value it was looking for, the base-DPI of the
font, the magnification factor, and a dummy metafont
mode. This output might be massaged for use with the
mktexpk (TeXLive) or MakeTeXPK (teTeX) scripts to
generate the required fonts, but
--query=missing-fontgen is more
straightforward.
-QF, --query=all-fonts-
As for --query=missing-fonts except that found
fonts are also listed, all prefixed by
Qall-fonts
-Qg, --query=missing-fontgen-
As for --query=missing-fonts, except
that the output consists of the string
Qmissing-fontgen followed by a
mktexpk or MakeTeXPK command
which can be used to generate the font.
-QG, --query=all-fontgen-
As for --query=missing-fonts, except that
font-generation commands for found fonts are also listed, prefixed by
Qall-fontgen.
Note: Only one of
--query=missing-fonts,
--query=all-fonts,
--query=missing-fontgen and
--query=all-fontgen should be specified
-- if more than one appears, only the last one is
respected -- if more than one appears, only the last
one is respected. In each of these four cases, plus
their short forms, font-generation is automatically
suppressed. This is probably what you want (it's not
obvious why you're querying this otherwise), but if
you do not want this, then you can reenable font
generation with --font-gen=true
--query=paper-
Show the list of paper sizes which are predefined for the
--paper-size option.
--query=types-
List the output image formats which the program can
generate, on stdout, separated by whitespace. The
first output format is the default.
-r, --resolution=[number]-
Specifies the output resolution, in pixels-per-inch.
This is used when deciding which PK files to use. The
default is 110, which matches the default
ibmvga metafont mode.
-R,
--colours=[keyword-value-list],
--colors=[keyword-value-pairs]-
Specifies the foreground or background colours, as
RGB triples. The keywords are either
foreground or background,
and the values are a triple of integers separated by
slashes, for example
--colours=foreground=127/127/255. The
integers must be in the range [0,255], and can be
specified in decimal, octal or hex (for example
127=0177=0x7f), or else the whole spec
may be of the form #rrggbb, where `rr',
`gg' and `bb' are each a pair of hex digits.
-s, --scaledown=[number]-
Reduces the linear size of the output bitmap by the
given factor (default 1).
-T, --output=type=[type]-
Choose the output format, which can be
png, gif, xpm
or xbm. The program generates XBM
bitmaps by default, and has simple support for XPM.
The GIF and PNG options may not be available if they
weren't selected when the program was configured.
-t, --paper-size=papersize-
Set the initial size of the bitmap to be one of the
paper sizes returned by --query=paper.
This is useful either to make sure that there is
enough room on the initial bitmap, to avoid the
warning above, or, along with the
--process=nocrop option, to force the
output bitmap to be a certain size.
-v, --verbose=[quiet|silent]-
Quiet mode suppresses some chatter, and silent mode suppresses
chatter, and does not display warnings or errors
either.
-V, --version-
Display the version number and compilation options,
and exit.
-X, --process=[keyword-value-list]-
Specifies the processing to be done. Keywords are as
follows:
dvi and nodvi : enable or
disable processing of the DVI file. If disabled, we
do not require a DVI file to be present on the command
line. The nodvi option is useful with
some of the --query options.
postamble and nopostamble:
enable or disable processing of the DVI postamble. If
dvi2bitmap is called to invoke a non-seekable device
such as a pipe, you should disable processing of the
postamble. Disabling the postamble processing is
incompatible with the --query options
which examine the fonts in the file. By default, both
the DVI body and the postamble are processed.
--process=options: shorthand for
--process=nopreamble,nodvi,nopostamble.
Only the options are examined.
blur and noblur: if true,
blurs the bitmap, making a half-hearted attempt to
make a low-resolution bitmap look better. This really
isn't up to much -- if you have the fonts available,
or are prepared to wait for them to be generated, a
better way is to use the --magnification
option to magnify the DVI file, and then the
--scale option to scale it back down to
the correct size.
transparent and
notransparent: if true, this makes the
output bitmap have a transparent background, if that's
supported by the particular format you choose using
option --output-type
crop and nocrop: if true,
specifies that you want the output bitmap to be
cropped. This is true by default, so you'll most
often use the crop=false to specify that
you do not want the output cropped (for example, if
you're using the --paper-size option and
want the output to stay the specified size).
By default, bitmaps are not blurred, are cropped, and
are transparent if possible.
For PNG files, the output bitmap uses a palette plus
an alpha channel; these are calculated in such a way
that if you display the resulting bitmap on the same
colour background as dvi2bitmap was using
(which is white by default, but can be specified using
the ) then the result should look identical
to the result with no transparency information, but
probably progressively worse the further the
background moves from this. I suppose, but can't at
present check, that this implies that you should
choose a mid-grey background colour when making such
transparent PNGs. I'd welcome advice on this
point.
dvi2bitmap recognises several DVI special commands, and emits a
warning if it finds any others.
The syntax of the special commands is
\special{dvi2bitmap <special-command>+ }
There may be one or more <special-command>
sequences within a single special.
The <special-command> which the program
recognises are:
defaultMakes other special-commands in this same special affect
defaults. See those commands for details.
outputfile <filename>-
The output file used for the current page will be
named filename.gif (if the output type
were `gif'). A filename extension will be added if
none is present, or if it does not match the output
type selected.
If the default command has been given,
then this instead specifies the default filename
pattern, and the `filename' should contain a single
instance of either %d or #;
if there is no such instance, one will be implicitly
added at the end.
The %d is precisely analogous to the
behaviour of the option.
However it is actually rather tricky to get an
unadorned percent character into a TeX special, unless
you play catcode tricks, and this is why you may
alternatively include a # character to
indicate where the page number should go. In fact,
since it is also rather tricky to get a
single # character in a special, any
immediately following # characters are
ignored. Thus the recommended way of specifying this
special is through something of the form
\special{dvi2bitmap default outputfile myfile-#}
using the # form,
and letting the file extension be controlled by the
output type which is actually used.
absolute-
Affects the crop command.
crop <side> <dimen>-
Crop the bitmap on the current page so that the
specified edge of the bitmap is
<dimen> points away from the
bounding box of the blackened pixels.
<side> may be one of `left',
`right', `top', `bottom' or `all', referring to the
corresponding edge, or all four edges at once. If the
default command has been given in this
special, then this pattern of cropping is additionally
made the default for subsequent pages. If the
absolute command has been given, then the
crop position is set at <dimen>
points from the appropriate edge of the `paper'.
The -c and -C command-line
options (2.1 Options) have the effect of
setting initial defaults. In the absence of either of
these, the initial crop is exactly at the bounding
box.
default imageformat <format>-
Set the default image format, which should be one of
the keywords `xbm', `xpm' `gif', `png'. This is
equivalent to specifying the image format through the
-t option (section 2.1 Options).
The keyword is just imageformat, but you
must specify the default keyword when you
specify imageformat; this is for
consistency, and makes it clear that this is setting a
default format rather than setting the format only for
the next image (that's not implemented at present, but
could be added).
default foreground|background
<red> <green> <blue> -
Sets the (default) foreground and background colours
for text. This works, as long as you specify the
colour change before any text is output, since you
can't, at present, change the colours after that.
Specifically, you can't change the colours for a
fragment of text in the middle of a page; for this
reason, and as with imageformat you
should at present always include the
default keyword when using this
special. The integers must be in the range
[0,255], and can be specified in decimal, octal or
hex (ie, 127=0177=0x7f).
strut <left> <right> <top>
<bottom>-
This places a `strut' in the
generated file. Using the usual TeX
\strut won't work: that would leave the
appropriate space when TeXing the file, but that space
doesn't explicitly appear in the DVI file (which is
just a bunch of characters and locations), so when
dvi2bitmap fits its tight bounding box to
the blackened pixels in the file, it knows nothing of
the extra space you want.
The `strut' special forces the bounding box to be at
least `left', `right', `top' and `bottom' points away
from the position in the file where this special
appears. All the dimensions must be positive, and
they are floats rather than integers.
If you wanted to set a page containing only the maths
`${}^\circ$' (why, is another matter),
dvi2bitmap would normally make a tight
bounding box for the bitmap, so that you'd get an
image containing only the circle (unless other crop
options were in force). If, in this case, you put in
a special such as \special{dvi2bitmap strut 0 2
10 2.5}, you would force the bounding box to
come no closer than 0pt to the left of the position in
the file where this special appears, 2pt to the right,
10pt above and 2.5pt below.
A useful bit of TeX magic is:
{\catcode`p=12 \catcode`t=12 \gdef\DB@PT#1pt{#1}}
\def\DBstrut{\strut\special{dvi2bitmap strut 0 0
\expandafter\DB@PT\the\ht\strutbox\space\expandafter\DB@PT\the\dp\strutbox}}
Once you've done that, the command
\DBstrut will put an appropriate strut in
the output.
mark-
This sets a `mark' in the generated file, which is
reported when you specify --query=bitmaps
(see ). Normally,
--query=bitmaps writes out the horizontal
and vertical size of the generated bitmap. If use of
this special has placed a `mark' in the bitmap,
however, then the --query option also
reports the position of that mark, as a position
within the bitmap, such that the top-left corner of
the bitmap has coordinates 
. For
example, after
\noindent\special{dvi2bitmap mark}Hello
the command line
dvi2bitmap --query=bitmaps foo
might report
Qbitmaps foo-page1.png 80 14 -1 10
indicating that the bitmap is 80 pixels
wide by 14 high, and that the reference point, after
cropping, is at position 
. The `-1'
is because the mark appears to the left of the `H' of
`Hello' (and the `H' probably has some negative
offset), and the `10' indicates that the baseline of
this text is 10 pixels from the top of the bitmap;
this latter information might be useful when working
out how to position this bitmap within a generated
HTML file. See 3.4 Using marks to position bitmaps for a
discussion of how to do that.
Both here and in the support for the `strut' special,
there is a great deal of scope for off-by-one errors;
also it's unclear what is the best interface to this
functionality, so it's possible that this might change
in subsequent versions. The author welcomes
comments.
unit
<u>-
The units in the `strut' and `crop' specials are by
default in TeX points. You may switch to a different
unit with the `unit' special. The specifier `u' gives
a unit name, which may be selected from the set of
units TeX knows about (`pt', `bp', `cm', and so on),
plus `pixels', and `dvi' to select DVI file units
(usually the same as `sp'). If the `default'
qualifier is present, this setting applies to
subsequent special strings as well.
For example, the pair of commands
\special{dvi2bitmap default outputfile trial-# unit pc crop all 5}
\special{dvi2bitmap absolute crop left 5}
will change the output filename pattern for the rest of the DVI file,
and set a 5pc margin round the bounding box. The current page,
however, will have a left-hand crop five points in from the left hand
side. Remember that TeX's origin is one inch from the left and the
top of the paper, and it is with respect to this origin that the
program reckons the absolute distances for the cropping.
Exits with a non-zero status if there were any processing errors.
Having no fonts present counts as a processing error.
If there is at least one font present, then missing fonts
will be replaced by the first cmr10 font it
finds, or a more-or-less randomly chosen alternative if that
font is not used at all. The program will produce a warning
if the -q option is not present, but it will
return with a zero (success) status.
Exception: If the -n option (see 2.1 Options) is present, then the program returns
success only if all fonts are present.
Basic usage examples.
% dvi2bitmap --resolution=110 --magnification=2 --scale=2 \
--output-type=gif hello.dvi
This converts the file hello.dvi to a GIF
bitmap. It first sets the magnification factor to 2, so
that the program uses a double-size font (eg,
.../cmr10.220pk), then scales the bitmap down
by a factor of 2 to obtain a bitmap of the correct size.
% dvi2bitmap -n -Qf --resolution=110 --magnification=1.5 \
--verbose=quiet hello.dvi
Qf cmr10 165 110 1.5 localfont
This reads the DVI file to find out what fonts are required, but does
not process it further. It then tries to find the fonts, fails, and
produces a list of parameters which could be used to generate the
font files.
See also 2.5 Finding and generating fonts, and see 3 Usage notes for more elaborate examples of use.
The program searches for fonts using a number of mechanisms.
-
The -fp option (see above) specifies a
colon-separated list of filename templates which
should be searched for font PK files. If this is
given on the command line, it overrides...
-
The DVI2BITMAP_PK_PATH environment
variable, if defined, specifies a colon-separated
list of filename templates which are to be searched
for PK files.
-
If the program cannot find fonts using the
environment variable, and if it was configured with
support for the kpathsea library (see
), then it should
find PK files using the same mechanism other DVI
processors use.
dvi2bitmap can be configured to use
a script to find fonts. If the program was not
configured to use kpathsea or the
search fails, then the program invokes a script
which knows where to find font files, given a search
pattern, and which returns a single line containing
a discovered font filename. See .
The third method is the ideal -- you should build
dvi2bitmap using the kpathsea
library if possible (see 5.1 Obtaining the kpathsea library for how
to obtain it): it is because other DVI-processing programs
like dvips and xdvi are built
with the kpathsea library, that you normally
never have to worry about where fonts live. The
kpathsea library is generally integrated with
the font-generation commands, and can be queried using the
kpsewhich command.
There are one or two possible wrinkles with the third
method. The path-searching library is very powerful and
flexible, but it is possible to be tripped up by its
configuration file.
Firstly, the program has to find the
configuration file. The program should sort this out for
itself at configuration time, but it is possible that you
might have to give it some help. If you specify the
TEXMFCNF environment variable, setting it to
the directory which contains your TeX installation's
texmf.cnf file, then this overrides the
program's notion of where the configuration should be.
You can find this file using the command kpsewhich
cnf texmf.cnf.
Secondly, it's possible to break the configuration file.
Certain TeX distributions (the ones that came with early RedHat 6.x
distributions are ones I know about) are broken in an
unfortunate way. See 2.5.2 Not finding fonts
for a discussion.
It can sometimes happen that dvi2bitmap fails to find fonts,
successfully calls mktexpk to build them, but then still
fails to find them, even though mktexpk has put them where they
should be. There are (at least) three possible reasons for this.
If you are using the kpathsea library, there
might be some misconfiguration which is confusing it. You
can trace kpathsea's deliberations in massive
detail by giving the option -ggp ().
Perhaps you do not have the kpathsea library
installed, or have disabled it, but you have
requested that font-generation be enabled (see ). What happens in this case is
that mktexpk successfully builds the fonts,
and installs them in the correct place, where `correct
place' means `the place where kpathsea would
find them'; you're not using kpathsea, so no
fonts for you. What you have to do in this case is work
out where the `correct place' is (kpsepath
and kpsewhich can help here), and specify
that place using either the -fp option or the
DVI2BITMAP_PK_PATH variable, as above (this
is confusing, I know, but more-or-less unavoidable, since
we are here trying to do kpathsea's job,
without kpathsea).
I think it is also possible to fall victim to a race
condition, where the font is built successfully, but the
program looks for it in the correct place before the font
is fully flushed to disk, or (mumble) something like that.
Simply running dvi2bitmap a second time seems
to work OK. I'm not sure precisely what's going on here,
and I'd welcome more precise observations, here.
Another, slightly nastier reason is as follows.
Some texmf.cnf files declare the location of
the user-writable font directory though a setting like
VARTEXFONTS=$SELFAUTOPARENT/var/lib/texmf
whereas others have something like
VARTEXFONTS=$TEXMFLOCAL/fonts
Now,
$SELFAUTOPARENT is a variable which is set by
the kpathsea library to be the grandparent directory of
the executable which uses the library. So, for
/usr/bin/{tex,latex,mktexpk,...}, it's
/, but if your dvi2bitmap binary
doesn't live with the other dvi-ware then its
$SELFAUTOPARENT will be different, so that
dvi2bitmap will look for fonts in a
different place from the place where
mktexpk put them when it successfully
generated them.
I would argue fairly strongly that having the
VARTEXFONTS directory depend on the location
of the dvi-ware executables is a very silly thing
to do. This was the case in the teTeX distribution which
came with RedHat 6.0, though this was fixed pretty
rapidly. If you've fallen foul of this, then you can
either
I'd much prefer the first alternative, myself.
A third option is to get dvi2bitmap to work
around the problem, by telling it to claim to be some
program which is installed along with the other
dvi-ware. You do this with the
--enable-fake-progname option to the
configuration script (see ).
If you didn't enable automatic font-generation, or if you
did and something went wrong, you might have to generate
fonts by hand. You need to look at the documentation for
your TeX system, specifically the mktexpk and
MakeTeXPK scripts (one of which might be just
an interface to the other).
See the discussion of the `make test' script
in 2.5.1 Finding fonts. Also, note that the
option -Qg, given to dvi2bitmap,
displays the font-generation commands which would be
required to build the fonts missing from the specified DVI
file. These are the commands which
dvi2bitmap would employ to generate these
fonts, when automatic-font-generation is enabled.
Since dvi2bitmap's default resolution is 72 dpi, as
opposed to the usual printer resolution of 300 or 600 dpi,
you are unlikely to have suitable fonts on your system,
and will need to generate them. The program will generate
these automatically, if it was configured with support for
that (see ); if it wasn't
configured with that support, or if the automatic font
generation fails, you might need to generate the fonts by
hand.
How you generate fonts depends on your TeX distribution.
As explained in 2.4 Examples, you can
determine which fonts you need using the -Qf
option. The teTeX and TeXLive TeX distributions include
scripts to generate fonts for you; if you have a different
distribution, there might be a similar script for you to
use, or you might have to do it by hand. In the case of
teTeX, the command you'd use in the example above would
be:
% MakeTeXPK cmr10 165 110 1.5 ibmvga
This would generate fonts using the
ibmvga Metafont mode, using a base resolution
of 110 dpi (the default for that mode), at a magnification
of 1.5 times, giving a resultant resolution of 165 dpi.
If you're using the TeXLive distribution, the equivalent
command would be:
% mktexpk --mfmode ibmvga --mag 1.5 --bdpi 110 --dpi 165 cmr10
If you want to use the same mode as you use for printing
documents, then the mode localfont should do
the right thing. Otherwise, and probably better if these
images are intended for the screen rather than paper, you
could use a more specialised mode such as
ibmvga, which has been tweaked to be readable
at small resolutions. See the file modes.mf
somewhere in your metafont distribution for the list of
possibilities.
After you have created the fonts, try giving the command
% kpsewhich pk cmr10.165pk
to confirm
that TeX and friends can find the new fonts, and that your
dvi2bitmap environment variable is set correctly. This
command is part of the kpathsea distribution,
rather than the core TeX distribution, so may not be
present on your system.
The search-path and font-finder routes use font-string
templates. Here, the components of a font file name, or a
font-finding command, are specified using placeholders like
%f. You may use
%M |
mode (eg. ibmvga) |
%f |
font name (eg. cmr10) |
%d |
dpi (eg. 330) |
%b |
base dpi (eg. 110) |
%m |
magnification (eg. 3) |
%% |
% |
Thus, using these values as an example, if one of the
entries in DVI2BITMAP_PK_PATH were /var/tmp/%M/%f.%dpk, this would
expand into /var/tmp/ibmvga/cmr10.330pk.
Alternatively, if we had given the font-finder script as
/usr/local/teTeX/bin/kpsewhich pk %f.%dpk,
the dvi2bitmap would have executed the
command .../kpsewhich pk cmr10.330pk, which
would have returned with a suitable font path.
There is a certain amount of subtlety in choosing fonts and
resolutions for maximum readability.
The fonts that dvi2bitmap (currently) uses by
default are from the cmr family, and generated
using Metafont mode ibmvga, chosen because its
design resolution, of 110 pixels to the inch, is
approximately right for bitmaps viewed on the screen. This
is not, however, necessarily the optimal choice in all
circumstances.
You can produce some simple antialiasing by magnifying the
output bitmaps then scaling them down, so that:
% dvi2bitmap --magnification=2 --scale=2 myfile.dvi
doubles the size of the bitmaps, then halfs it, effectively
blurring it in the latter stage. This works quite well.
You don't necessarily get better results with
larger factors (though it does, of course, depend on the
situation), because Metafont already does some work to make
the characters easier to read, and I suspect that excessive
antialiasing merely frustrates this.
If you choose a different Metafont mode, it can make a
difference. In your TeX distribution, there should be a
file called modes.mf, containing a large
collection of Metafont font-generation modes (look for it
using kpsewhich modes.mf if you have that
command), and there are several modes in this set which have
resolutions in the 70 to 200 range, which are therefore
about the right size to be useful in this context. You're
probably aiming for a resolution of around 100 pixels per
inch, if you want the text in the output bitmap to be around
the same size as the other text on your monitor. For
example, try the ncd and nec
modes:
% dvi2bitmap --magnification=2 --scale=2 --font-mode=ncd --resolution=95 try.dvi
% dvi2bitmap --scale=2 --font-mode=nec --resolution=180 try.dvi
% dvi2bitmap --magnification=2 --scale=4 --font-mode=nec --resolution=180 try.dvi
Note that the declared
resolution must match the font mode -- the default
resolution of 110 is designed to match the default mode of
ibmvga. Also the nec mode,
because its base resolution is large anyway, only needs to
be scaled down to get adequate antialiasing.
It should be possible to create a Metafont mode
specifically for dvi2bitmap applications. That
might be a useful project for someone!
Another thing to look at is whether changing the font
family can help. The Computer Modern family is, of course,
designed for paper. The Concrete
Math family, though also designed primarily for
paper, has features which make it particularly suitable for
this application. The FAQ
article which discusses maths font choices remarks
that
Since Concrete is considerably darker
than Computer Modern, this variant may be of particular
interest for use in low-resolution printing or in
display-oriented applications such as posters,
transparencies, or online documents.
As
well as this, these fonts have rather simpler outlines than
Computer Modern and they are rather more upright,
both of which make them more robust to being rendered at
rather small resolutions.
You can use the concrete maths fonts simply by adding the
declaration
\usepackage{concmath}
to the preamble of your LaTeX document. In tests, the best
configuration for clarity in a bitmap appeared to be a
document using the concrete maths fonts, plus the
dvi2bitmap invocation
% dvi2bitmap --magnification=2 --scale=4 --font-mode=nec --resolution=180 try-cc.dvi
Any observations on this topic would be warmly
appreciated.
Many thanks to Doug du Boulay at titech.ac.jp
for raising this issue, for thus prompting me to discuss the
various options, and for then doing the critical testing
work.
dvi2bitmap is perfectly happy reading DVI
files from a pipe, so that
cat myfile.dvi | dvi2bitmap --pipe -
will work perfectly well.
Since the program knows that the standard input -- indicated
by the - argument to dvi2bitmap --
is not seekable, the option --pipe is actually
redundant. This is not by itself particularly useful, since
TeX is not written to send its DVI output into a pipe.
If, however, you make a `named pipe' beforehand, using the Unix
mkfifo command (a FIFO, or first-in-first-out, is the
other name for such an object), then TeX can be persuaded to send its
output there.
% mkfifo myfile.dvi
% ls -l myfile.dvi
prw-r--r-- 1 norman admin 0 Aug 12 00:18 myfile.dvi
% latex myfile >myfile.stdout &
% dvi2bitmap --pipe mkfile.dvi
Here, we create the FIFO using the mkfifo
command; looking at it, we see that the first character on
the ls line is a p, indicating the
type of object it is. We start (La)TeX going in the
background (achieved by the &), putting its
chatty output into a file, and it merrily writes into the
`file' myfile.dvi. Immediately afterwards
(we've shown this on two lines, but the two commands could
be run together with only the & separating
them) we start dvi2bitmap, telling it to read
from the named pipe. The pipe effectively synchronises the
two processes, so that if there is nothing to read,
dvi2bitmap is briefly suspended, and if the
pipe is full, LaTeX is suspended. After this performance,
the DVI file, myfile.dvi ends up zero size
again, and the process can be repeated.
You can go further than this, and use a FIFO for LaTeX's input,
too:
% mkfifo myfile.tex myfile.dvi
% cat foo.tex >myfile.tex & \
latex '\input myfile.tex' >myfile.stderr & \
dvi2bitmap --pipe myfile.dvi
(the trailing backslashes indicate that this second set of
commands is all on one line). The rather odd form of LaTeX
invocation (note the quotes) stops TeX from peeking at the
file, looking for the magic %& line which
can tell it which format to use; since the input is a pipe,
it's unseekable, so we must use this form, or else LaTeX
fails.
If you have a large number of fragments of TeX to process,
it is best not to invoke dvi2bitmap for each one
individually. Also, the program does not (yet) allow you to specify
more than one DVI file as input. In this situation, it is best to
generate an input TeX or LaTeX file which contains all of the
text you wish to process, with one fragment per page.
For example, the following can help:
\documentclass{article}
\pagestyle{empty}
\special{dvi2bitmap default imageformat png}
\newcommand{\neweq}[1]{\vfil\break\special{dvi2bitmap outputfile #1.png}}
\begin{document}
\neweq{index-html-alpha}
$\alpha$
\neweq{index-html-aprime}
$A'=(0,\alpha,0,0)$
[...]
\end{document}
That includes a special to make PNG the default output format, and
defines a command sequence, \neweq which simultaneously
forces a new page and inserts a special to name the output file. A
script which generates a file like this and then looks for the
resulting bitmaps, with known names of course, can run very
efficiently. Combining that with the techniques in 3.2 Using dvi2bitmap in a pipe can work wonders.
When including small images in an HTML page, it can be
difficult to get the images to line up with the rest of the
text, because a text with descenders (characters which go
below the line such as `p' or `g') cause the image to be
offset from the text line. You can use the `mark' facility
to tell you how much you need to offset such an image so
that it lines up properly with the surrounding text.
For example, consider the following usage:
% cat temp.tex
\nopagenumbers
\noindent\special{dvi2bitmap mark}%
Hello, this is dvi2bitmap
\bye
% tex temp.tex
This is TeX, Version 3.14159 (Web2C 7.3.11)
(./temp.tex [1] )
Output written on temp.dvi (1 page, 240 bytes).
Transcript written on temp.log.
So, a simple test file with a single line in it, with descenders (the
`p'). The `mark' special goes at the beginning, following \noindent.
This is important, otherwise the point that is marked is the very
top-left of the image, not the bottom-left.
The output with --query=bitmaps is:
% dvi2bitmap --verbose=quiet --query=bitmaps temp
Qbitmaps temp-page1.png 163 14 -1 11
...where verbose=quiet has been used to turn
off the usual chatter. It tells us that the bitmap as a
whole is 14 pixels deep, and that the mark, which is on the
TeX baseline, remember, is at position (-1,11) relative to
an origin at the top-left of the bitmap; or in other words
there's 3 pixels of space between the TeX baseline and the
bottom of the image. We therefore know that we need to
offset the image by three pixels to make it line up
properly.
There are several ways to do that, but one way is to use
per-element CSS properties, like this:
% dvi2bitmap --verbose=quiet --query=bitmaps temp | awk
'{printf "<img src=\"%s\" style=\"margin-bottom: %dpx\"/>\n", $2,
$6-$4}'
<img src="temp-page1.png" style="margin-bottom: -3px"/>
%
So that's generated an <img> element
which has the correct `src' attribute (from column 2 of the
Qbitmaps line) and the correct offset (column6 - column4).
That uses awk, but if you're generating your HTML pages with
something like Perl or Python (substantially more sensible
than awk...!), say, you could do an analogous thing with the
dvi2bitmap output, and put the generated
<img> elements in the correct places in
the output HTML file.
The main bulk of the code which implements dvi2bitmap
is in a library, and the program itself is a rather thin wrapper on
top of this. This library is intended to be usable for other
applications.
The library is written in C++, and provides an abstraction of DVI
files, PK font files, Bitmaps, and various other objects used to build
these ones. By default, the build procedure creates both static and
dynamic libraries.
The library API is extensively documented in the
doc_libdvi2bitmap/ directory of the
distribution.
The package uses a automake/autoconf/libtool build system.
Building should therefore be simple:
% ./configure
% make
% make install
but see the configuration options below.
By default, both a static and a dynamic library are built. If
there is some reason why building the dynamic library fails on your
platform, configure using --disable-shared and
you'll build a static library only.
It's a good idea to run (cd test;make) as
well. See 2.5.1 Finding fonts.
To install, just copy the executable
dvi2bitmap wherever you want it to live.
You can customise the program using flags to the
./configure command:
-
--with-kpathsea and --without-kpathsea
-
If you have the kpathsea library (see
2.5.1 Finding fonts) but don't, for some
reason, want to use it, then give the configure option
--without-kpathsea. By default, the
configuration enables use of the library if it is
installed (that is, if the kpathsea
include files and library are somewhere the compiler
will find them. If kpathsea is disabled
(by default or by request), then fonts will not be
generated by default.
If you have the kpathsea library, but it
is not in the standard place, then you can provide an
argument to the --with-kpathsea option
giving the name of a directory below which are
directories include and lib,
containing the required kpathsea include
files and library.
If you don't have the
kpathsea library available, see below
(5.1 Obtaining the kpathsea library) for notes on obtaining
it.
--disable-texmfcnf-
The kpathsea library finds its
configuration files in two ways, either automatically
if it is installed in the same directory as the rest
of the TeXware, or using the TEXMFCNF
environment variable. The dvi2bitmap
program sets the latter variable internally, unless it
finds it already set. If this will be inconvenient,
you can suppress this behaviour by providing the flag
--disable-texmfcnf, or equivalently
--enable-texmfcnf=no.
--enable-fontgen-
The program can attempt to generate fonts, and will
do so using the MetaFont mode ibmvga,
which has a resolution of 110 dots-per-inch.
You can give an argument to this command, which
specifies a command-line which will build and install
a required font, and return its path on standard
output. This uses the font-string template described
in 2.5.4 Font-string templates. You could
duplicate the default (the mktexpk script
if present) with the option
--enable-fontgen='<path>mktexpk --dpi %d --bdpi %b --mag %m --mfmode %M %f'
The default for this option is `on' -- the program
will attempt to generate fonts. Do note, however,
that if the kpathsea library is not
enabled, then the program will not be able to
find the fonts it generates, unless you configure it
correctly using either -fp or
DVI2BITMAP_PK_PATH (see 2.5.1 Finding fonts).
If you wish to disable this automatic font
generation, give the option
--disable-fontgen. Note that this does
not completely disable font generation -- it merely
sets the default for font generation to `off', and it
can be switched back on again using the option
-fG.
If you wish to change the default mode, you can do so
using the option .
-
--with-fontgen-mode=mode,res
-
If you wish to change the default parameters for
font-generation, you can set both the Metafont mode
and resolution using this option. For example, the
option --fontgen-mode=pcprevw,118 will
make pcprevw, which has a resolution of
118 dpi, the default MetaFont mode. Note that the
resolution you specify must match the mode:
see file modes.mf for a list of modes and
resolutions (use kpsewhich mf modes.mf to
find this). You can change the resolution and mode on
the fly using the -fm and -r
options to the compiled program (2.1 Options).
-
--with-fontfinder
-
This specifies a command to run to find fonts. It is
preferable to use the kpathsea library if
possible, but if this is difficult, then you can
specify a script to run to find fonts. This uses the
font-string template described in 2.5.4 Font-string templates. To use the standard
kpsewhich command, for example, you could
give the option
--with-fontfinder='/usr/local/teTeX/bin/kpsewhich pk %f.%dpk'
-
--enable-mktexpk and
--enable-maketexpk
-
In the default configuration, the program will
generate missing fonts using one of the standard
scripts present in most TeX distributions. The
configuration process looks first for
mktexpk then MakeTeXPK, and
uses whichever it finds first. If you have both
scripts but wish to use MakeTeXPK for
some reason, you will have to give the option
--disable-mktexpk; if you wish to disable
both, you will have to give
--disable-maketexpk as well. Both
options take an optional argument giving the path to
an alternative script with the same calling interface.
-
--with-png (default: enabled)
-
If you give this option, and if the PNG library is
installed (needs a version after 0.96), then the
program will be compiled with support for PNG bitmaps
as an output format. You can obtain the PNG library
from the PNG home
page. You can disable the use of PNG with
the option --without-png.
-
--enable-gif (default: disabled)
-
The program generates only XBM bitmaps by default.
If you want it to be able to generate GIFs, then give
the configure option --enable-gif. The
GIF format is the copyright of CompuServe. As far as
I understand it, one does not need a licence from
CompuServe if one is distributing non-commercial,
not-for-profit software, such as this. You probably
shouldn't enable GIF support when you build this
program unless you're in that category as well. But
don't listen to me: there's a much fuller account of
the whole sorry business in the Graphics
File Formats FAQ (HTML).
-
--enable-fake-progname
-
This option enables a workaround which allows
dvi2bitmap to have the expected behaviour
when (a) you do not install dvi2bitmap
along with the other dvi-ware, and (b) your
texmf.cnf file has
VARTEXFONTS (or a similar variable)
depending on one of the SELFAUTO...
variables (such a texmf.cnf file is
probably broken, but that may not be your problem, or
within your power to fix). This option makes
dvi2bitmap claim to be a different
DVI-reading program which is installed in the
standard place. See 2.5.2 Not finding fonts for discussion. The
configuration script uses the location of the
xdvi program by default, but you can
override this by giving the full path to an
alternative as an argument to this option (that is,
--enable-fake-progname=/path/to/dviprog).
Since this uses undocumented behaviour of the library
(`use the source, Luke!'), you almost certainly
shouldn't enable it unless you have to.
--with-path-seps-
The default configuration is for Unix, and uses the
Unix defaults for filesystem path and search path
separators. If you are building it on some other
architecture, you can alter the defaults by giving a
two-character argument to this option, giving the two
separators in order. For example, the arguments
appropriate for DOS would be
--with-path-seps='\;'
The ./configure command without any options is
equivalent to ./configure --with-kpathsea --with-png
--enable-mktexpk (meaning that kpathsea and PNG
output will be enabled if library support for them is
found).
The program builds successfully on (at least):
| Platform |
Version |
Compiler |
| powerpc-apple-darwin6.6 (MacOS X, 10.2.6) |
0.11b1 |
g++ 3.1 20020420 (prerelease) |
| sun-sparc-solaris2.9 |
0.11b1 |
CC: Sun WorkShop 6 update 2 C++ 5.3
2001/05/15 |
| alphaev67-dec-osf5.1 |
0.11b1 |
Compaq C++ V6.5-014 |
| i686-pc-linux-gnu (RedHat 7.3) |
0.11b1 |
g++ 2.96 |
| i686-pc-linux-gnu (RedHat 7.3) |
0.10 |
gcc 2.96 |
| i686-pc-linux-gnu (RedHat 6.2) |
0.10b1 |
egcs-2.91.66 |
| powerpc-apple-darwin6.4 (MacOSX 10.2) |
0.10 |
g++ 3.1 20020420 (prerelease) |
| sparc-sun-solaris2.8 |
0.10b1 |
egcs-2.91.66 |
| alphaev56-dec-osf5.0 |
0.10b1 |
egcs-2.91.66 |
| i686-pc-linux-gnu (RedHat 6.2) |
0.9-7p1 |
egcs-2.91.66 |
| powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu (Mac mklinux
DR-0.3?) |
0.9 |
egcs-2.90.25 980302 (egcs-1.0.2 prerelease) |
| sparc-sun-solaris2.7 |
0.9 |
egcs-2.91.66 |
| sparc-sun-solaris2.7 |
0.9 |
gcc 2.8.1 |
| sparc-sun-solaris2.7 |
0.9-6 |
WorkShop Compilers 5.0 98/12/15 C++
5.0 |
| alpha-dec-osf4.0f |
0.9-6 |
Compaq C++ V6.2-024 for Digital UNIX V4.0F |
| i386-pc-solaris2.6 |
0.9-7p1 |
gcc v2.8.1/libstdc++ v2.8.1.1 |
The `version' column is the last version which was actually tested on
that platform/compiler combination. Reports of compilations on other
platform/compiler combinations gratefully received.
It should be written in standards-conforming C++, so if it
doesn't build then (1) it's not as conformant as I think it
is (in which case please tell me), (2) your compiler is not
as conformant as you think it is (in which case please don't
tell me), or (3) you need to invoke some magic to get the
compiler to be conformant (in which case tell me, if there's
something I can do in the autoconfigure script).
You can override the C++ compiler the configure script will
choose by setting the environment variable CXX,
either via
% CXX=cxx ./configure
or
% env CXX=cxx ./configure
depending on your shell.
Run regression tests with (cd test;make) in
the build directory. This includes a separate whole-program
test which additionally gives advice about setting
environment variables. You can run this script separately
with the command (cd test;make pathtest)
Regression test 6 currently fails to link when using Compaq
cxx, for some arcane C++ reason I have yet to
diagnose. The whole-script test mentioned above works,
though.
Not all TeX distributions install the
kpathsea library, even though they install
applications built with it, and the texmf.cnf
configuration file which controls it.
If the library does not appear to be in your
distribution, then you can obtain and build it yourself.
The library is distributed as part of the
web2c (Unix TeX source) distribution, which
you can find at
ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/web2c.tar.gz, or mirrored
on CTAN sites (for example at
http://www.tex.ac.uk in directory systems/web2c).
Take a copy of the library (this is a big
distribution), and unpack it. Go into the
kpathsea directory and do the usual
`./configure; make; make install' routine.
With (some?) older distributions of the library this
appeared not to work, and you had to go to the parent of
the kpathsea directory, delete the web2c
directory (which is the bulk of the distribution), then
configure and build it as usual, ignoring the warnings
about the missing main texmf tree.
To report bugs, please send to
norman@astro.gla.ac.uk a brief description of the
problem; a minimal TeX file which reproduces it; some
indication of the machine you're running on (uname
-a is good); and the output of dvi2bitmap -V,
which shows the options you have enabled.
See the TODO list in the distribution, for the
list of things I at least would like to see added to the
code.
Bright ideas, fixes and (especially) implementations,
cheerfully received.
In the .../extras directory of the
distribution is a script img-eqlist.pl, which transforms a
file of LaTeX fragments into a LaTeX file, keeping track of
filenames, and avoiding generating duplicate bitmaps for duplicated
maths.
CTAN, the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network, is the
repository of TeX and LaTeX documentation. The archive is
mirrored in numerous places, but the UK node is at
http://www.tex.ac.uk.
DVItype and PKtoPX are two programs Donald Knuth intended as
model DVI and PK file readers, and as containers for the
canonical documentation of the DVI and PK file formats. They
might be available as part of your TeX distribution, but are
also available on CTAN, in /tex-archive/systems/knuth/texware/dvitype.web
and /tex-archive/systems/knuth/pxl/pktopx.web.
The DVI Driver Standard, Level 0 is available on
CTAN, in directory /tex-archive/dviware/driv-standard. This
incorporates sections of the DVItype documentation. This
program claims to conform to this standard: if it doesn't,
please let me know.
Thanks for bug reports and other suggestions to Eitan
Gurari (heroic tester), Oliver Schurr and Oleg
Bartunov (oleg@sai.msu.su).
Yamabe Kazuharu (tako_da@qc4.so-net.ne.jp)
supplied the writer for XPM bitmaps.
Appendices
The real issue here (for me at least) is
rendering equations within an HTML document. There are
several tools available which can do that with different
trade-offs. The most popular method is to write the
equations in a LaTeX document, process it, and then hoik
the equations out of the resulting DVI file somehow
(typically using dvips and a postscript to
gif converter), and display them on the web as gifs. The
big disadvantage with this is that you get an awful lot of
gifs, and the conversion is rather inefficient.
All this hassle should become irrelevant once we
get browsers which can render MathML directly.
There are reviews of the problems, and some of the tools,
in articles Maths
Typesetting for the Internet, and Comparative
Review of World-Wide-Web Mathematics
Renderers.
LaTeX2HTML
is the granddaddy of these translators -- it parses the
LaTeX using Perl, and spits out HTML, turning maths into
gifs. It's very robust by now.
John Walker's textogif
is a Perl program which orchestrates the various tools to
do the conversion via postscript, once you've generated
the DVI file. It works, but it's terribly slow,
which was the motivation for this program.
TeX4ht
(TeX for Hypertext) uses TeX's own parser, but still
produces equations as gifs. TeX4ht can also emit MathML
from LaTeX. The TeX4ht documentation has a useful
collection of resources. There's an alternative location
for TeX4ht at
TUG.
tth:
TeX to HTML translator (manual).
tth translates LaTeX maths directly to HTML,
with remarkable success and astonishing speed, and with
good failure strategies. It works very sweetly, but (a)
requires you to tweak your browser to have it map the
symbol font appropriately, and (b) the resulting HTML
can't be printed legibly. From the same source is TtHMML,
which translates (La)TeX to HTML plus MathML.
nDVI
is a DVI viewer plugin for Unix Netscape. This addresses
the problem at the client end.
A quite different approach is to use a different markup
for maths, possibly requiring specialised client software.
These other notations typically use semantic markup --
expressing the structure of the maths. At first sight,
this seems preferable to LaTeX's presentational markup,
but its weaknesses for authoring are exposed (I feel) when
you realise that maths is not as closed and unambiguous a
language as computer scientists feel it ought to be.
Semantic markup's strength is in interfaces with computer
algebra systems, and databases -- Abramowitz and Stegun
would be ideal in this form! The major dislocation
between the two approaches is what makes conversion from
presentational to semantic markup so easy. In passing,
I'll note that MathML has both a presentational and a
semantic variant.
MINSE uses
a server to render maths into gifs on the fly. It seems
to work rather nicely, but works with its own semantic
maths notation.
There is (was?) a project called Euromath,
which includes a structured SGML editor. This project
included a converter which could transform LaTeX
to Euromath SGML.
OpenMath
might be a successor to Euromath. It's an EC Esprit
project which `proposes to develop standards for the
semantically-rich representation of mathematics'.
GELLMU
is a LaTeX-like markup language, intended to be easy to
convert to SGML. Specifically, it is intended to support
maths (and hence conversion to MathML) well.
The following are specifically concerned with maths in
SGML, using either MathML or other maths DTD fragments.
WebEQ is a
suite of Java programs which implement MathML. It's
commercial.
TeXML
is a gadget from IBM which converts XML to TeX via a DTD
fragment. You transform your XML to an equivalent
document marked up in TeXML, which you then separately
transform to TeX.
EzMath
is a Dave Raggett proposal for producing maths on the web.
It uses yet another notation, and converts it to online
form using a plugin (no printing, and Windows only, as of
April 1999).
When producing this program, I became terribly confused
about the variety of dimensions which appear in DVI and PK
files. is a summary of the sizes which
appear, for the benefit of anyone else attempting a project
like this. The reference [Dn] refers to section `
' of the webbed DVItype document
and [Pn] to section `
' of the
PktoPX document (see 7 References and acknowledgements).
If you feel I have misunderstood something here, or got one of the
conversion factors wrong (I hate these!), please correct me.
Sizes in TeX
| Context |
Description |
See |
| DVI preamble |
num, den: multiply
a `DVI unit' by  to
obtain a length in units of 
|
[D17] |
|
mag: DVI units are actually multiplied by
|
[D17]
|
| DVI font definition |
d: a design size, in DVI units.
The nominal size of the font. |
[D18] |
|
s: a `fixed point' scale factor, range
 ,
scaling d (see note). |
[D18] |
| PK preamble |
ds: the font design size in
units of 
points. |
[P12] |
|
hppp, vppp: number
of pixels per point, times  (see note). |
[P12] |
| Character |
tfmwidth: the width of the
character (see note). |
[D37], [P9] |
|
w, h: the width and
height, in pixels, of the character pixel map. |
[P21] |
|
hoff and voff:
offset of the pixel map from the reference point. |
[P21] |
|
dm, dx,
dy: the pixel
escapements. dm in pixels,
dx and dy in pixels times
 (see
note). |
[P21] |
-
s scales the design size, so that a font
is actually used at 
times its normal size.
-
hppp and vppp aren't used
as sizes, but can be used to check you have the right
fonts by comparing resolution, etc..
-
tfmwidth is the `physical' size of a
character, and is the only size that TeX uses in its
calculations, and which the DVI reader uses when
working out how far to move the reference point when
it sets a character. This is defined in [P9] to be in
units of FIXes, where one
FIX is 
times the design
size in points. [D37] describes how to multiply these
widths by scaling factors without overflowing.
-
The difference between the pixel escapements and
tfmwidth is that the latter is a
resolution-independent shift of the DVI reference
point, and the former is the PK file's recommendation
of the number of pixels the DVI processor should
actually move. The DVI processor keeps track of the
two reference points, and readjusts the pixel-based
one when rounding errors move it too far from the
resolution-independent one. See [D89] and [D91]; also
[D40].
A few useful conversions are:
No changes from 1.0.
These binaries (installable software) and packages are in development.
They may not be fully stable and should be used with caution. We make no claims about them.
points. [P12]
points.
points, `px'
for pixels, and 
for
Knuth's deci-micron, or 
,
