autoFC: Automatic Toolkit for Construction, Optimization, Scoring and Simulation of Forced-Choice Tests

Forced-choice (FC) response has gained increasing popularity and interest for its resistance to faking when well-designed (Cao & Drasgow, 2019 <doi:10.1037/apl0000414>). To established well-designed FC scales, typically each item within a block should measure different trait and have similar level of social desirability (Zhang et al., 2020 <doi:10.1177/1094428119836486>). Recent study also suggests the importance of high inter-item agreement of social desirability between items within a block (Pavlov et al., 2021 <doi:10.31234/osf.io/hmnrc>). In addition to this, FC developers may also need to maximize factor loading differences (Brown & Maydeu-Olivares, 2011 <doi:10.1177/0013164410375112>) or minimize item location differences (Cao & Drasgow, 2019 <doi:10.1037/apl0000414>) depending on scoring models. Decision of which items should be assigned to the same block, also called as item pairing, is thus critical to the quality of an FC test. Because such pairing process often requires researchers to meet multiple objectives, manual pairing becomes impractical or even not feasible once the number of latent traits and/or number of items per elevates. To address these problems, autoFC is developed as a automatic and efficient tool for facilitating the automatic construction of FC tests (Li et al., 2022 <doi:10.1177/01466216211051726>), essentially exempting users from the burden of manual item pairing. Given characteristics of each item (and item responses), FC measures can be constructed either automatically based on user-defined pairing criteria and weights, or based on exact specifications of each block (i.e., blueprint; see Li et al., 2025 <doi:10.1177/10944281241229784>). Users can also generate simulated responses based on the Thurstonian Item Response Theory model (Brown & Maydeu-Olivares, 2011 <doi:10.1177/0013164410375112>) and predict trait scores of simulated/actual respondents based on an estimated model.

Version:	1.0.0.1000
Depends:	R (≥ 3.5)
Imports:	lavaan, MASS, MplusAutomation, pbapply, rstan, stats
Suggests:	knitr, rmarkdown, cmdstanr
Published:	2026-05-27
DOI:	10.32614/CRAN.package.autoFC
Author:	Mengtong Li [cre, aut], Tianjun Sun [aut], Bo Zhang [aut]
Maintainer:	Mengtong Li <mt_li at fudan.edu.cn>
License:	GPL (≥ 3)
NeedsCompilation:	no
Additional_repositories:	https://stan-dev.r-universe.dev
Materials:	README
CRAN checks:	autoFC results

Documentation:

Reference manual:	autoFC.html , autoFC.pdf
Vignettes:	Getting Started with autoFC (source, R code)

Downloads:

Package source:	autoFC_1.0.0.1000.tar.gz
Windows binaries:	r-devel: autoFC_1.0.0.1000.zip, r-release: autoFC_1.0.0.1000.zip, r-oldrel: autoFC_1.0.0.1000.zip
macOS binaries:	r-release (arm64): autoFC_1.0.0.1000.tgz, r-oldrel (arm64): autoFC_1.0.0.1000.tgz, r-release (x86_64): autoFC_1.0.0.1000.tgz, r-oldrel (x86_64): autoFC_1.0.0.1000.tgz
Old sources:	autoFC archive

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